SOCIETYS SLAVES :: essays research papers

The books Brave New World, by Aldrous Huxley, and 1984, by George Orwell, are alike because they have comparable organizations. By using brainwashing techniques, censorship, and the obliteration of history, the leaders in Brave New World and 1984 control the thoughts and recollections of the people in their societies. Without using these techniques, the societies being controlled could not exist, because the people would not be disciplined like they needed to be. The citizens in these societies are slaves of the leaders, but cannot resist or do anything to change things for themselves. Chiefly, brainwashing was essential to accomplish while the children were young because then it would ensure that they would grow up to be model citizens in the society. Principally, love was disallowed in both societies, by the virtue that it would cause problems. Fights would begin over relationships that would cause uncertainty that was not needed in the society. When the citizens Brave New World were young, they were involved in sexual games that would introduce them to sex and portray it as something casual. "†¦.this little boy seems rather reluctant to join in the ordinary erotic play." (Brave New World, pg. 30) As they got older, they were not able to know love, or would not be able to distinguish it from sex, so it became the norm to 'have everyone'. In 1984, marriages were allowed, but on the grounds that the two people getting married were not in love. They wanted the people to feel like they were only getting married to be of service to the party (when their children were set up working with the Spies, growing up to be pawns for the Party). The one they were supposed to love was Big Brother. "You must love Big Brother. It is not enough to obey him you must love him." (1984, pg. 201) Everyone was designed so that people would feel like they were existing for the Party, and the Party is virtuous. People's reactions towards death was also deteriorated in Brave New World, so people would not show anxiety if one of their friends died. "What are these filthy brats doing here? It's disgraceful." "Disgraceful? But what do you mean? They're being death conditioned." (Brave New World, pg. 208) They would just continue on living in the society, as existing happily and productively was their purpose. In 1984, emotions about occurrences like death was frowned upon as well.

Advertising: It’s Everywhere

Advertising: It's EverywhereNo, it's not your imagination. The amount of advertising and marketing North Americans are exposed to daily has exploded over the past decade; studies show, that on average we see 3,000 ads per day. At the gas pumps, in the movie theatre, in a washroom stall, during sporting events—advertising is impossible to avoid. Even outer space isn't safe from commercialization: the Russian space program launched a rocket bearing a 30-foot Pizza Hut logo, and some companies have investigated placing ads in space that will be visible from earth.The challenge of the future may be finding public and private spaces that are free of advertising. Marketers are pressed to find even more innovative and aggressive ways to cut through the â€Å"ad clutter† or â€Å"ad fatigue† of modern life. Here's an overview of some of the ways marketers are targeting us: * Ambient advertising Ambient advertising refers to intrusive ads in public places. With the cost o f traditional media advertising skyrocketing and a glut of ads fighting for consumers' attention, marketers are aggressively seeking out new advertising vehicles.Cars, bicycles, taxis and buses have become moving commercials. Ambient ads appear on store floors, at gas pumps, in washrooms stalls, on elevator walls, park benches, telephones, fruit and even pressed into the sand on beaches. Even some members of the industry itself are critical of this trend to slap ads on everything. Bob Garfield, columnist for the ad industry magazine  Advertising Age, calls this plethora of commercial messages â€Å"environment pollutants. † Others worry that this deluge of advertising will create a backlash with consumers. Stealth- endorsers Marketers are moving away from the traditional use of celebrities as product hucksters, since a cynical public no longer believes that celebrities actually use the products they endorse in commercials. The trend now is to brand celebrities with specific merchandise by having them use or wear products in public appearances or promote them in media interviews—without making it clear that the celebrities are paid spokespeople. * Naming rights Corporations are turning public spaces into commodities by purchasing naming rights to arenas, theatres, parks, schools, museums and even subway systems.Cash-strapped municipalities see naming rights as a way to raise much-needed revenues without raising taxes. * Targeted advertising Targeted ads are a form of Internet marketing. Using sophisticated data collecting technologies, Web sites can combine a user's personal information with surfing preferences to create ads that are specifically tailored for that user. * Cross-merchandizing A wave of media mergers over the past decade has produced a handful of powerful conglomerates that now own all the major film studios, TV networks, radio and television stations, cable channels, Internet, book and magazine publishing and music companies.Thes e giant conglomerates use their various media holdings to promote products and artists through massive cross-promotional campaigns. For example, when the world's largest entertainment conglomerate AOL Time Warner was preparing the release of the film  Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, it enlisted all its various media divisions—cable systems, speciality channels, TV networks, magazines and Internet companies—to help mass-market the movie and the spin-off merchandise.Commenting on the phenomenally successful cross-promotional approach used to market the film (Harry Potter smashed all previous opening records, grossing $90 million in its first weekend) AOL Time Warner executive Richard Parsons explained: â€Å"This drove synergy both ways. Not only did we use our promotional and advertising platforms to help create awareness, we used the film to drive traffic to those vehicles. † * Product placement The future of product placement as a successful advertisin g tool was assured when the 1982 film  ET  featured Reese's Pieces in a pivotal scene—causing sales of the candy to jump 65 per cent.Since that time, product placement in movies, on TV, and increasingly in video games, has become a commonplace marketing technique. The marketing company FeatureThis extols the virtues of product placement for potential clients, on its Web site: â€Å"Break through the cluttered media entertainment environment inexpensively,† it claims â€Å"product placement in feature films and television reaches millions of consumers, over and over again. † With the advent of technologies such as TiVo, which allow consumers to edit out TV commercials, product placement is taking on an even greater importance.TV producers are looking for new ways to integrate advertising and content. Basing an entire show around a product is one technique; and giving viewers the capability of immediately purchasing products featured on the program is another. Following a segment of the NBC TV show  Will and Grace, in which a character wore a pink Polo shirt, the network ran a 10-second clip telling viewers to go to the Polo Web site (which is 50 per cent owned by NBC) to purchase one.The site sold $3,000 worth of shirts over the next five days. In the near future, Interactive TV will allow users to order a pair of pants that your favourite TV star is wearing, merely by clicking on them. * Digital or â€Å"virtual† advertising Digital advertising goes one step further than product placement by using computer technology to add products to scenes that were never there to begin with.This practice is common in sporting events coverage, where ads are digitally inserted onto the billboards, sideboards and playing surfaces in arenas and stadiums. While digital ads are mainly used in sports coverage, virtual advertising is starting to break into the entertainment world as producers digitally insert products into TV scenes after the scen es are shot. The technology also allows product names to be altered in scenes, creating the potential for new advertising revenues when series are sold into syndication. |

Creating Behavior Goals for Early Intervention Programs

Managing difficult behavior is one of the challenges that makes or breaks effective instruction. Early Intervention Once young children are identified as needing special education services, it is important to begin to work on those learning to learn skills, which importantly, include self regulation. When a child begins an early intervention program, it is not uncommon to find that parents have worked harder to placate their child than to teach them the desired behavior.   At the same time, those children have learned how to manipulate their parents to avoid those things they dont like, or to get the things they do want.    If a child’s behavior impacts his or her ability to perform academically, it requires a Functional Behavioral Analysis (FBA) and a Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP) by law (IDEA of 2004.) It is wise to attempt to identify and modify behavior informally, before you go to the lengths of an FBA and BIP. Avoid accusing parents or whining about behavior: if you gain the cooperation of parents early on you can avoid another IEP team meeting. Behavior Goal Guidelines Once you have established that you will need an FBA and BIP, then it’s time to write IEP Goals for behaviors. Write you goals positively as much as possible. Name the replacement behavior. Instead of writing â€Å"Zachary will not hit his neighbors† write â€Å"Zachary will keep hands and feet to himself.† Measure it through interval observation, noting the percentage of 15 or 30 minutes with hands and feet free behavior.Avoid preachy, values freighted words, especially â€Å"responsible† and â€Å"accountable.† When discussing with the student â€Å"why† feel free to use these words, such as â€Å"Lucy, I’m so happy you’re being responsible for your temper. You used your words instead!!† Or, â€Å"James, you’re 10 now, and I think you’re old enough to be accountable for your own homework.† But goals should read: â€Å"Lucy will tell a teacher or peer when she is angry and count to 10, 80 percent of the day (interval objective.) â€Å" â€Å"James will return completed homework 80% of days, or 4 out of 5 days.à ¢â‚¬ (frequency objective.)There are basically two kinds of objectives as noted above: interval and frequency goals. Interval goals are measured across intervals, and imply an increase of replacement behavior. Frequency goals measure the number of occurrences of a preferred or replacement behavior during a time period.The goal of behavior goals should be to extinguish, or eliminate, undesirable behavior and replace it with appropriate, productive behavior. Focusing on the target behavior may reinforce it and inadvertently make it stronger and more difficult to eliminate.   Focusing on the replacement behavior should help extinguishing the behavior. Anticipate an extinction burst before behavior improves.Problem behavior is not usually the result of reflective, thoughtful choices. It is usually emotional and learned—because it has helped the child get what he or she wanted. That doesn’t mean you shouldn’t talk about it, talk about the replacement behavior and talk about the emotional content of good behavior. It just doesn’t belong in an  IEP. Examples of Behavior Goals When prompted by the teacher or teaching staff, John will line up, keeping hands and feet to himself in 8 of ten opportunities as documented by teacher and staff in three of four consecutive days.  In an instructional setting (when instruction is presented by the teacher) Ronnie will remain in his seat for 80% of one minute intervals over 30 minutes as observed by teacher or teaching staff in three of four consecutive probes.  In small group activities and instructional groups Belinda will ask staff and peers for access to supplies (pencils, erasers, crayons) in 4 out of 5 opportunities as observed by teacher and teaching staff in three of four consecutive probes.

The Apollo 11 A Symbol Of Man s Greatness - 1169 Words

â€Å"That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind,† are words that astronaut, Neil Armstrong declared as people around the world attentively watched him take the first steps on the moon. That moment would be documented in history and talked about for years to come. The Apollo 11 mission had left many doubts to those watching the spectacle. Would Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin successfully set foot on the moon? Or was this launch a disaster waiting to happen? The following texts, In Event of Moon Disaster by President Nixon’s speechwriter, William Safire, and The July 16, 1969, Launch: A Symbol of Man’s Greatness by novelist, Ayn Rand, both express the possibility of a disaster as well as the relief and contentment for the men on†¦show more content†¦Additionally, Rand tries to involve her audience by stating â€Å"What we had seen, in naked essentials—but in reality, not in a work of art—was the concretized abstractio n of man’s greatness†. This quote shows how she includes everyone by using the word â€Å"we†. Moreover, the speaker, the audience, and the subject help the authors develop a strong purpose to guide their readers. Though connecting the speaker, the audience, and the subject are important for an author, it is also crucial to use literary appeals to draw in readers successfully. One of the appeals used- ethos- shows Safire’s credibility when he was the president’s speechwriter. In addition, logos, which appeals to readers through logic, was displayed since the speech was mourning the astronauts. The mood of what was supposed to be a joyous event becomes somber in that the president has to state the unimaginable disaster that could’ve happened. With this, the author uses pathos by honoring the two astronauts for their mettle and stating that all of America would be mourning them. Also, the tone becomes solemn and encouraging because the author displays the pathos in that way. Safire includes that â€Å" in their exploration, they stirred the people of the world to feel as one; in their sacrifice, they bind more tightly the brotherhood of man† which makes the reader fee l sad but proud to have such men to â€Å"serve† theShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Apollo 111257 Words   |  6 Pagesworldwide attention brought about by the success of the Apollo 11 moon landing was used by many speakers and writers to push forward their own agenda or opinions using a variety of rhetorical appeals and strategies. The texts, â€Å"Man’s First Step on the Moon† , a news article by the Times of London, â€Å"In Event of Moon Disaster†, a prepared speech to be spoken by President Nixon written by William Safire, â€Å"The July 16, 1969, Launch: A Symbol of Man’s Greatness†, a commentary by philosopher Ayn Rand, and â€Å"Transported†Read MoreRhetorical Analysis Of The 1969 Apollo 1253 Words   |  6 Pagescrucial because it s what makes the source effective or ineffective, so that you are able to persuade the audience. Rhetoric is defined as, â€Å"the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing.† In order for the speaker to persuade the audience is using figurative language and the rhetoric appeals. Some appeals which consist of ethos, pathos, and logos. Each of these which is important in order to catch the audience attention. All these text are related to the 1969 Apollo mission which included:Read MoreBrand Building Blocks96400 Words   |  386 PagesBRAND BUILDING BLOCKS Building Strong Brands: Why Is It Hard? It is not easy to build brands in today s environment. The brand builder who attempts to develop a strong brand is like a golfer playing on a course with heavy roughs, deep sand traps, sharp doglegs, and vast water barriers. It is difficult to score well in such conditions. Substantial pressures and barriers, both internal and external, can inhibit the brand builder. To be able to develop effective brand strategies, it is useful toRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pages0-471-75167-7 (pbk.) 1. Project management-Case studies. I. Title. Printed in the United States of America Contents Preface xi 1 PROJECT MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGIES 1 Lakes Automotive 3 Fems Healthcare, Inc. Clark Faucet Company 2 5 7 11 IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT Kombs Engineering 13 Williams Machine Tool Company 15 Wynn Computer Equipment (WCE) 17 The Reluctant Workers 20 Hyten Corporation 22 Macon, Inc. 35 Continental Computer Corporation 37 Goshe Corporation 43 AcornRead MoreTranslation of Newspapers. Problems of British-American Press Headlines Translation15808 Words   |  64 Pagesvariety of patterns. A. Full declarative sentences. B. Interrogative sentences. C. Nominative sentences (e.g. ‘Atlantic sea Traffic’). D. Elliptical sentences (e.g. ‘Off to the Sun’). E. Sentences with articles omitted. (e.g. ‘Frock man finds gold in river’). F. Complex sentences. G. Headlines including direct speech. The Headlines in English language newspapers can be very difficult to understand. One reason for this is that they are often written in a special style, whichRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesUniversity of Minnesota and George Washington University. His MBA and Ph.D. are from the University of Minnesota, with a BBA from Drake University. Before coming into academia, he spent thirteen years in retailing with the predecessor of Kmart (S. S. Kresge), JCPenney, and Dayton-Hudson and its Target subsidiary. He held positions in store management, central buying, and merchandise management. His first textbook, Marketing: Management and Social Change, was published in 1972. It was ahead

Intergovernmental Organizations Purpose And Functions

Intergovernmental Organizations Purpose and Functions Imagine a room full of powerful world leaders discussing politics, international crime, and other global issues. Ever sat back and wondered how do nations discuss major issues such as the Ebola outbreak or the selling and trading of war arms? A few initials to answer that question is IGOs. IGOs stand for Intergovernmental Organizations, for better understanding. IGOs are a group of nations or states; they are interchangeable, joined together in union to discuss achieve a global purpose, specific issues, and international relations. Many people are naà ¯ve to the true purpose of IGOS, such as IMF (International Monetary Funds), U.N. (United Nations) Security Council, WHO (World Health Organization), World Bank Group, along with a few others. Many do not know what nations are involved in which IGO. IGOs go hand-in-hand with globalization. Intergovernmental Organizations history developed from the United States 28th President Woodro w Wilson idea of the League of Nations; it has progressed to multi IGOs worldwide. Various Intergovernmental Organizations such as the League of Nations, United Nations (U.N.) Security Council, World Health Organization (WHO), World Bank Group, and International Monetary Fund were developed for distant purposes and functions, each a contributor to globalization. The League of Nations was an IGO formed in 1920 from one of the United States great presidents Woodrow Wilson. The birth of theShow MoreRelatedInternational Governmental Organizations And Organizations990 Words   |  4 Pagesnames for intergovernmental companies are international governmental organizations or intergovernmental organizations. These are organizations that are primarily made up of the sovereign state that are termed as member states. They may also be made up other intergovernmental organizations. Intergovernmental companies/intergovernmental organizations are usually referred to as international organizations ; however, the definition may also cover international non-governmental organizations (TaninchevRead MoreIntergorvernmental Organizations and International Relations1847 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Intergovernmental organizations are the back bone of the political unity between countries. They help in establishing treaties and many of the relations countries have between each other. Intergovernmental organizations are also termed as IGOs, as well as international organizations. These organizations are formed by sovereign states that share a common interest or goal. They can be formed for security reasons, like the United Nations, economic issues, like the World Bank and IMF, forRead MoreAnalysis of the European Union’s Role as a Model Intergovernmental Organization1627 Words   |  7 PagesIntergovernmental organizations (IGOs) are defined by Kegley (2009) as institutions created and joined by states’ governments, which give them authority to make collective decisions to manage particular problems on the global agenda (p. 163). The purpose of IGOs is to solve shared problems on the basis of involving states’ interests. In other words, states utilize commun ity of interest to balance the international situation between neighborhoods. According to Kegley (2009), a global trend in worldRead MoreThe Land Banking Policy On The Countys Planned Programming Budget Systems1442 Words   |  6 Pagesrequire periodic tax hikes. The lottery has also help to relieve pressures on state and local governments to increase taxes for costly services. The state of Tennessee earmark the lottery proceeds for education and other important government functions. Therefore, the Tennessee Lottery has becoming of growing importance as a means of generating a revenue system to help finance the government s operations. The property tax is a form of tax on wealth. the tax is levied on the value of anRead MoreThe Common Goods Or Goals Of The Eu1487 Words   |  6 PagesBy definition, a supranational organization is one which, â€Å"extends beyond or transcends established borders or spheres of influence held by separate nations† (Hanks, 1991). This concept is applied to the ECJ as an emphasis on â€Å"the common goods or goals of the EU, as opposed to the separate interests of member states† (McCormick Olsen, 2013). The ECJ effectively balances the member states’ need for representation by retaining a slightly intergovernmental element to achieve the goal of an integratedRead MoreInternational Organizations1784 Words   |  8 PagesInternational organizations have been noted to be around since the mid- 19th century and such organizations do not operate for profit. An international organization is defined by the United Nations as an  organization  with an international mem bership, scope, or presence. The main objective of all the international organizations they say ,have usually been welfare and the improvement of member countries through cooperation. Karns and Mingst identify the two main types of international organizations as IGOsRead MoreEssay on The National Response Framework852 Words   |  4 Pagessections. These are the foundation document, the Emergency Support Functions (ESF) Annexes, the Support Annexes, and the Incident Annexes. These annexes describe how the NRF can be implemented. 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The international system consists of not just the nation-state itself, but also international organizations such as NGOs and private actor. After the Second World War, many international organizations were created, as the levels of economic, political, social and cultural transactions among individuals, societies and states continue to grow, international organizations at the same time have increasing their numbers and influences in IR. The growth of so many kinds of non-state actorsRead MorePublic Administration : The Creation And Enforcement Of Public Policy993 Words   |  4 PagesPublic administration focuses its resources for the operations which purpose is the creation and enforcement of public policy. The strength of public administration is the formulation of policies, thus conjoining the discipline or study a form of the political process. Inherently, public administration branched from Social Science then into own identity from Political Science. Public administration wo uld not exist without its major contributors, and although, there is a large list of those who contributed

Information Use Paper Free Essays

Information in organization can be used in many different ways depending on the specific job you may have. Some information is used for the public and some is more private than others. Information is used for databases, business analytic s, business records, health records, fax, scanned and many more different ways information is used in an organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Information Use Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Information is mostly used by sharing it though different levels of a business or sharing it because it is involved with more than just one specific business it’s usually a department. Information can also be used as a way of marketing or advertising. Even though marketing usually only collect certain information like name, address, telephone and maybe an email addresses for different things that benefits their company statistics. Some business ask for your information to send out coupons, special promotion or deal breakers that could get you to purchase products from them again. Database systems which are typically in every business type and level use information to track specifics on what they need and use. Information is a valuable piece of data that can determine the outcome of something. Information flow in an organization can depend on how the organization is setup. The information can either flow up and down or side by side. Up and down is flowing through the different levels or managers. Side by side is flowing of information through departments. Both of their flow ways are common in most organization because it could be tracked by who have it or who had it. When I was active duty military, information flowed from the highest level down to the lowest and from the lowest to the highest depending on who was sending it. It was kind of like sending messaging through carriers to get it to the destination, which made the process slower than it really should be. In this case the information flowed through filters of people, the reason being is because they want you to try to get any situation solved at the lowest level if it is possible to do. The military have several database that stores information for different things for the purpose of tracking data. This different system record data that is inputted by different people depending on the level and skill type of the person. Sometimes we send information between specific departments depending on what the information contains. This way it doesn’t get to department who doesn’t benefit from it. When you apply for any type of loans this information is processed and sent to different departments and levels of the company. Once this process is started the application is sent to several different approvals to get them to say the big word. The concerns with properly controlling this flow is different information would be exposed to people who shouldn’t see it, in other words have the clearance for it or have to correct training for it. When you send information like this it is not classified it is unclassified therefore anyone can see it, keep it, or even give it to someone else without your authorization. In this particular case if the information is classified enough where certain eyes can only see it, the information would be encrypted for those who have the access to view it. I know for medical information, the doctors or receptionist have you sign a HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) statement for confidentiality and protection from other who should not be seeing it. Only those who are either on the HIPAA form or who have the right to view it such as doctors, nurse and you the patient. Another concern with information is being digital which means it is send over the internet for Wi-Fi technology. Many businesses either scan documents, fax them or email them which puts a big risk every time it is sent, because of cybercrime can occur. The military have several different filters and firewalls this information sent and received for this purpose of cyber-crimes. PlayStation network was hacked and all the information that was stored was compromised and some people might even have been a victim of identity theft, depending on how much information they kept of their file. How this happened was someone hacked their database and downloaded all the information was in it. How to cite Information Use Paper, Papers

Price Controls Goods or Services

Question: Discuss about thePrice Controlsfor Goods or Services. Answer: Introduction Prices play an essential function in the market economy. They indicate the willingness of the clients to pay for a product and producers desire to continue supplying commodities(Kenyon, 2013, p. 90). However, not everyone is contented with prices in the market. For example, the apartment occupants protest that the rents are excessively high, low and mid-income households complain about higher prices of staples while the producers lament that the prices of commodities are too low. As a result, the governments usually intervene in the marketplace through price controls with the objective of correcting such market failures. This paper explores the concept of price controls and the equity rationale of price ceilings in the housing market of the United States. The study culminates by offering an alternative policy measure the governments can employ to address the problem of housing affordability among the low-income earners. Price Controls Price controls refer to government-authorized legal maximum or minimum prices set for particular products(Andersson Sderberg, 2012, p. 159). The prices are usually implemented as a form of direct government intervention in the economy to supervise the affordability of specified goods or services. The price floors and price ceiling are the two types of prices controls. Price Floors The price floors spell out the lowest price the purchasers are required to pay for a service or good. This measure is applied by the government to give the suppliers higher earnings for their produce. The minimum price policy is mostly used to protect the farmers by availing higher incomes(Mankiw Cosgrove, 2014, p. 35). Higher prices and higher tariffs on imports are some of the adverse consequences associated with the price floors. Moreover, this regulation encourages oversupply and results in inefficiency caused by wastage. The introduction of price floors raises the prices above the equilibrium point. The price floors motivate the producers to supply more in the market. On the graph above, the quantity supplied is Q3 while the amount demanded by the consumers is Q2. Hence the different between Q3 and Q2 represents excess supply. Before the introduction of the minimum price, the consumer surplus is represented by triangle PeKC while that of the producer is PeKM. However, the minimum prices change the surplus and result in a deadweight loss, that is, the area marked W. The new consumer surplus is shown by area S while P and G depict the producer surplus. In this scenario, the manufacturer will benefit while consumer loses due to high prices. However, in the long term, the suppliers will produce more than what is required in the market due to weak demand and hence wastage. Price Ceiling The price cap stipulates a maximum price the vendors are permitted to charge for a service or a good. The price cap is usually set below the equilibrium price is intended to protect the consumers from high prices caused by the free market(Bray, 2012, p. 1110). Rent ceiling is a good example of price cap that has been applied in many states like New York in the endeavor to protect the low-income households from the higher rents determined by the landlords. Rent Ceiling The governments often have good intentions when they impose price ceiling, however, the finally outcomes are not always favorable as the household end up suffering more than expected(Poon Garratt, 2012, p. 253). Before the introduction of the rent control, the free market generates Q1 dwelling units which are sold at price P1. However, when the government imposes rent control, that is P3, the rental units the landlords are willing to supply in the market declines to Q3. At lower prices, the households increase their demand for houses. The demand now shifts from Q1 to Q2. Since the demand for homes now outweighs the supply, there is a shortage of housing units. The difference between Q2 and Q3 depicts the scarcity of rental units. Welfare Effect of Rent Ceiling Those consumers who will manage to get rooms benefits since the rents will be low. However, there is a significant loss for both the suppliers and consumers as their surplus will decline on the imposition of price controls. On the graph above, the producer surplus before rent control is shown by area P1NM while that of the consumer is P1NK. After the rent control, the producer surplus is represented by area P and that of the consumer by area C. Consequently, the dead weight loss sets in, that is, area marked D. The dead weight loss results because the individuals fail to get houses and also the landlords receive less money by supplying a few houses. The welfare of both the households and the owners reduces. Rationale Behind Price Ceiling in U.S Apartment Markets Market failure necessitates the intervention of the government to introduce controls meant to correct the inefficiencies. In the housing market, the rents of houses are known to go higher to the extent that the renters find it difficult to secure accommodation. Many low-income earners are the category that suffers most due to hiked rents. For example, they find it difficult to stay near their workplaces especially in the major cities. Therefore, to provide protection to this class of individuals, states in the United States such as New York have implemented rent controls(Rowley, Ong, Haffner, 2015, p. 475). By setting how high rents can reach, the governments ensure that low-income earners can afford houses. Policy to Address the Issue of Housing Affordability Instead of controlling rents, the governments should focus on measures that will increase the supply of dwelling units. For example, the government should ensure an efficient and impartial provision of infrastructure to serviceable lands to encourage the construction of new homes. Roads should be improved to increase the supply of well-situated land for development of new dwelling units. Moreover, the government should work with the private investors and Non-Governmental Institutions to construct homes primarily in cities that are facing a shortage. The state can provide financial support and other tax incentives to the private sectors to motivate them to build houses. With an adequate supply of homes, the prices and rents will be relatively lower to cater for the needs of low and mid-income households. Conclusion The governments often intervene in the market through price controls with the intention of protecting the consumers or the producers. The price floors are meant to safeguard the interests of suppliers whereas the price ceilings are supposed to cushion the consumers. Rent control is an instance of price controls that is common in many states across the world. While this policy has good intentions, the ultimate results worsen the welfare of the renters due to a shortage of housing units. The government should, therefore, focus on strategies that will increase the supply of houses to make the rental apartments affordable. Bibliography Andersson, R., Sderberg, B. (2012). Elimination of Rent Control in the Swedish Rental Housing Market: Why and How? Journal of Housing Research , 159-181. Bray, Z. (2012). The New Progressive Property and the Low-Income Housing Conflict. Brigham Young University Law Review , 1109-1167. Kenyon, P. (2013). Price control, investment and resource allocation. History of Economics Review , 88-95. Mankiw, N. G., Cosgrove, S. (2014). Principles of microeconomics. Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning. Poon, J., Garratt, D. (2012). Evaluating UK housing policies to tackle housing affordability. International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis, 5(3) , 253-271. Rowley, S., Ong, R., Haffner, M. (2015). Bridging the Gap between Housing Stress and Financial Stress: The Case of Australia. Housing Studies , 30 (3), 473-490.