The Apollo 11 A Symbol Of Man s Greatness - 1169 Words

â€Å"That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind,† are words that astronaut, Neil Armstrong declared as people around the world attentively watched him take the first steps on the moon. That moment would be documented in history and talked about for years to come. The Apollo 11 mission had left many doubts to those watching the spectacle. Would Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin successfully set foot on the moon? Or was this launch a disaster waiting to happen? The following texts, In Event of Moon Disaster by President Nixon’s speechwriter, William Safire, and The July 16, 1969, Launch: A Symbol of Man’s Greatness by novelist, Ayn Rand, both express the possibility of a disaster as well as the relief and contentment for the men on†¦show more content†¦Additionally, Rand tries to involve her audience by stating â€Å"What we had seen, in naked essentials—but in reality, not in a work of art—was the concretized abstractio n of man’s greatness†. This quote shows how she includes everyone by using the word â€Å"we†. Moreover, the speaker, the audience, and the subject help the authors develop a strong purpose to guide their readers. Though connecting the speaker, the audience, and the subject are important for an author, it is also crucial to use literary appeals to draw in readers successfully. One of the appeals used- ethos- shows Safire’s credibility when he was the president’s speechwriter. In addition, logos, which appeals to readers through logic, was displayed since the speech was mourning the astronauts. The mood of what was supposed to be a joyous event becomes somber in that the president has to state the unimaginable disaster that could’ve happened. With this, the author uses pathos by honoring the two astronauts for their mettle and stating that all of America would be mourning them. Also, the tone becomes solemn and encouraging because the author displays the pathos in that way. Safire includes that â€Å" in their exploration, they stirred the people of the world to feel as one; in their sacrifice, they bind more tightly the brotherhood of man† which makes the reader fee l sad but proud to have such men to â€Å"serve† theShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Apollo 111257 Words   |  6 Pagesworldwide attention brought about by the success of the Apollo 11 moon landing was used by many speakers and writers to push forward their own agenda or opinions using a variety of rhetorical appeals and strategies. The texts, â€Å"Man’s First Step on the Moon† , a news article by the Times of London, â€Å"In Event of Moon Disaster†, a prepared speech to be spoken by President Nixon written by William Safire, â€Å"The July 16, 1969, Launch: A Symbol of Man’s Greatness†, a commentary by philosopher Ayn Rand, and â€Å"Transported†Read MoreRhetorical Analysis Of The 1969 Apollo 1253 Words   |  6 Pagescrucial because it s what makes the source effective or ineffective, so that you are able to persuade the audience. Rhetoric is defined as, â€Å"the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing.† In order for the speaker to persuade the audience is using figurative language and the rhetoric appeals. Some appeals which consist of ethos, pathos, and logos. Each of these which is important in order to catch the audience attention. 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Clark Faucet Company 2 5 7 11 IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT Kombs Engineering 13 Williams Machine Tool Company 15 Wynn Computer Equipment (WCE) 17 The Reluctant Workers 20 Hyten Corporation 22 Macon, Inc. 35 Continental Computer Corporation 37 Goshe Corporation 43 AcornRead MoreTranslation of Newspapers. Problems of British-American Press Headlines Translation15808 Words   |  64 Pagesvariety of patterns. A. Full declarative sentences. B. Interrogative sentences. C. Nominative sentences (e.g. ‘Atlantic sea Traffic’). D. Elliptical sentences (e.g. ‘Off to the Sun’). E. Sentences with articles omitted. (e.g. ‘Frock man finds gold in river’). F. Complex sentences. G. Headlines including direct speech. The Headlines in English language newspapers can be very difficult to understand. One reason for this is that they are often written in a special style, whichRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesUniversity of Minnesota and George Washington University. 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Intergovernmental Organizations Purpose And Functions

Intergovernmental Organizations Purpose and Functions Imagine a room full of powerful world leaders discussing politics, international crime, and other global issues. Ever sat back and wondered how do nations discuss major issues such as the Ebola outbreak or the selling and trading of war arms? A few initials to answer that question is IGOs. IGOs stand for Intergovernmental Organizations, for better understanding. IGOs are a group of nations or states; they are interchangeable, joined together in union to discuss achieve a global purpose, specific issues, and international relations. Many people are naà ¯ve to the true purpose of IGOS, such as IMF (International Monetary Funds), U.N. (United Nations) Security Council, WHO (World Health Organization), World Bank Group, along with a few others. Many do not know what nations are involved in which IGO. IGOs go hand-in-hand with globalization. Intergovernmental Organizations history developed from the United States 28th President Woodro w Wilson idea of the League of Nations; it has progressed to multi IGOs worldwide. Various Intergovernmental Organizations such as the League of Nations, United Nations (U.N.) Security Council, World Health Organization (WHO), World Bank Group, and International Monetary Fund were developed for distant purposes and functions, each a contributor to globalization. The League of Nations was an IGO formed in 1920 from one of the United States great presidents Woodrow Wilson. The birth of theShow MoreRelatedInternational Governmental Organizations And Organizations990 Words   |  4 Pagesnames for intergovernmental companies are international governmental organizations or intergovernmental organizations. These are organizations that are primarily made up of the sovereign state that are termed as member states. They may also be made up other intergovernmental organizations. Intergovernmental companies/intergovernmental organizations are usually referred to as international organizations ; however, the definition may also cover international non-governmental organizations (TaninchevRead MoreIntergorvernmental Organizations and International Relations1847 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Intergovernmental organizations are the back bone of the political unity between countries. They help in establishing treaties and many of the relations countries have between each other. Intergovernmental organizations are also termed as IGOs, as well as international organizations. These organizations are formed by sovereign states that share a common interest or goal. They can be formed for security reasons, like the United Nations, economic issues, like the World Bank and IMF, forRead MoreAnalysis of the European Union’s Role as a Model Intergovernmental Organization1627 Words   |  7 PagesIntergovernmental organizations (IGOs) are defined by Kegley (2009) as institutions created and joined by states’ governments, which give them authority to make collective decisions to manage particular problems on the global agenda (p. 163). The purpose of IGOs is to solve shared problems on the basis of involving states’ interests. In other words, states utilize commun ity of interest to balance the international situation between neighborhoods. According to Kegley (2009), a global trend in worldRead MoreThe Land Banking Policy On The Countys Planned Programming Budget Systems1442 Words   |  6 Pagesrequire periodic tax hikes. The lottery has also help to relieve pressures on state and local governments to increase taxes for costly services. The state of Tennessee earmark the lottery proceeds for education and other important government functions. Therefore, the Tennessee Lottery has becoming of growing importance as a means of generating a revenue system to help finance the government s operations. The property tax is a form of tax on wealth. the tax is levied on the value of anRead MoreThe Common Goods Or Goals Of The Eu1487 Words   |  6 PagesBy definition, a supranational organization is one which, â€Å"extends beyond or transcends established borders or spheres of influence held by separate nations† (Hanks, 1991). This concept is applied to the ECJ as an emphasis on â€Å"the common goods or goals of the EU, as opposed to the separate interests of member states† (McCormick Olsen, 2013). The ECJ effectively balances the member states’ need for representation by retaining a slightly intergovernmental element to achieve the goal of an integratedRead MoreInternational Organizations1784 Words   |  8 PagesInternational organizations have been noted to be around since the mid- 19th century and such organizations do not operate for profit. An international organization is defined by the United Nations as an  organization  with an international mem bership, scope, or presence. The main objective of all the international organizations they say ,have usually been welfare and the improvement of member countries through cooperation. Karns and Mingst identify the two main types of international organizations as IGOsRead MoreEssay on The National Response Framework852 Words   |  4 Pagessections. These are the foundation document, the Emergency Support Functions (ESF) Annexes, the Support Annexes, and the Incident Annexes. These annexes describe how the NRF can be implemented. It is important to note that the NRF and the National Incident Management System (NIMS) are meant to work in conjunction with each other, while NIMS and its component the Incident Command System (ICS) supply the NRF with an incident management function (Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2013c, pp. 2-3). TheRead MoreAsean Essay750 Words   |  3 Pages The History of the ASEAN ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations), the most successful intergovernmental organization in the developing world today. It was preceded by an organization called the Association of Southeast Asia (ASA), which is founded by the Philippines, Thailand and the Federation of Malaya (now part of Malaysia) on July 31, 1961.ASA was replaced by ASEAN later on. According ASEAN’s report, ASEAN was established on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand, with the signing of theRead MoreIs the State Still the Most Important Actor in International Relations1097 Words   |  5 Pagesmost important. The international system consists of not just the nation-state itself, but also international organizations such as NGOs and private actor. After the Second World War, many international organizations were created, as the levels of economic, political, social and cultural transactions among individuals, societies and states continue to grow, international organizations at the same time have increasing their numbers and influences in IR. The growth of so many kinds of non-state actorsRead MorePublic Administration : The Creation And Enforcement Of Public Policy993 Words   |  4 PagesPublic administration focuses its resources for the operations which purpose is the creation and enforcement of public policy. The strength of public administration is the formulation of policies, thus conjoining the discipline or study a form of the political process. Inherently, public administration branched from Social Science then into own identity from Political Science. Public administration wo uld not exist without its major contributors, and although, there is a large list of those who contributed

Information Use Paper Free Essays

Information in organization can be used in many different ways depending on the specific job you may have. Some information is used for the public and some is more private than others. Information is used for databases, business analytic s, business records, health records, fax, scanned and many more different ways information is used in an organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Information Use Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Information is mostly used by sharing it though different levels of a business or sharing it because it is involved with more than just one specific business it’s usually a department. Information can also be used as a way of marketing or advertising. Even though marketing usually only collect certain information like name, address, telephone and maybe an email addresses for different things that benefits their company statistics. Some business ask for your information to send out coupons, special promotion or deal breakers that could get you to purchase products from them again. Database systems which are typically in every business type and level use information to track specifics on what they need and use. Information is a valuable piece of data that can determine the outcome of something. Information flow in an organization can depend on how the organization is setup. The information can either flow up and down or side by side. Up and down is flowing through the different levels or managers. Side by side is flowing of information through departments. Both of their flow ways are common in most organization because it could be tracked by who have it or who had it. When I was active duty military, information flowed from the highest level down to the lowest and from the lowest to the highest depending on who was sending it. It was kind of like sending messaging through carriers to get it to the destination, which made the process slower than it really should be. In this case the information flowed through filters of people, the reason being is because they want you to try to get any situation solved at the lowest level if it is possible to do. The military have several database that stores information for different things for the purpose of tracking data. This different system record data that is inputted by different people depending on the level and skill type of the person. Sometimes we send information between specific departments depending on what the information contains. This way it doesn’t get to department who doesn’t benefit from it. When you apply for any type of loans this information is processed and sent to different departments and levels of the company. Once this process is started the application is sent to several different approvals to get them to say the big word. The concerns with properly controlling this flow is different information would be exposed to people who shouldn’t see it, in other words have the clearance for it or have to correct training for it. When you send information like this it is not classified it is unclassified therefore anyone can see it, keep it, or even give it to someone else without your authorization. In this particular case if the information is classified enough where certain eyes can only see it, the information would be encrypted for those who have the access to view it. I know for medical information, the doctors or receptionist have you sign a HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) statement for confidentiality and protection from other who should not be seeing it. Only those who are either on the HIPAA form or who have the right to view it such as doctors, nurse and you the patient. Another concern with information is being digital which means it is send over the internet for Wi-Fi technology. Many businesses either scan documents, fax them or email them which puts a big risk every time it is sent, because of cybercrime can occur. The military have several different filters and firewalls this information sent and received for this purpose of cyber-crimes. PlayStation network was hacked and all the information that was stored was compromised and some people might even have been a victim of identity theft, depending on how much information they kept of their file. How this happened was someone hacked their database and downloaded all the information was in it. How to cite Information Use Paper, Papers

Price Controls Goods or Services

Question: Discuss about thePrice Controlsfor Goods or Services. Answer: Introduction Prices play an essential function in the market economy. They indicate the willingness of the clients to pay for a product and producers desire to continue supplying commodities(Kenyon, 2013, p. 90). However, not everyone is contented with prices in the market. For example, the apartment occupants protest that the rents are excessively high, low and mid-income households complain about higher prices of staples while the producers lament that the prices of commodities are too low. As a result, the governments usually intervene in the marketplace through price controls with the objective of correcting such market failures. This paper explores the concept of price controls and the equity rationale of price ceilings in the housing market of the United States. The study culminates by offering an alternative policy measure the governments can employ to address the problem of housing affordability among the low-income earners. Price Controls Price controls refer to government-authorized legal maximum or minimum prices set for particular products(Andersson Sderberg, 2012, p. 159). The prices are usually implemented as a form of direct government intervention in the economy to supervise the affordability of specified goods or services. The price floors and price ceiling are the two types of prices controls. Price Floors The price floors spell out the lowest price the purchasers are required to pay for a service or good. This measure is applied by the government to give the suppliers higher earnings for their produce. The minimum price policy is mostly used to protect the farmers by availing higher incomes(Mankiw Cosgrove, 2014, p. 35). Higher prices and higher tariffs on imports are some of the adverse consequences associated with the price floors. Moreover, this regulation encourages oversupply and results in inefficiency caused by wastage. The introduction of price floors raises the prices above the equilibrium point. The price floors motivate the producers to supply more in the market. On the graph above, the quantity supplied is Q3 while the amount demanded by the consumers is Q2. Hence the different between Q3 and Q2 represents excess supply. Before the introduction of the minimum price, the consumer surplus is represented by triangle PeKC while that of the producer is PeKM. However, the minimum prices change the surplus and result in a deadweight loss, that is, the area marked W. The new consumer surplus is shown by area S while P and G depict the producer surplus. In this scenario, the manufacturer will benefit while consumer loses due to high prices. However, in the long term, the suppliers will produce more than what is required in the market due to weak demand and hence wastage. Price Ceiling The price cap stipulates a maximum price the vendors are permitted to charge for a service or a good. The price cap is usually set below the equilibrium price is intended to protect the consumers from high prices caused by the free market(Bray, 2012, p. 1110). Rent ceiling is a good example of price cap that has been applied in many states like New York in the endeavor to protect the low-income households from the higher rents determined by the landlords. Rent Ceiling The governments often have good intentions when they impose price ceiling, however, the finally outcomes are not always favorable as the household end up suffering more than expected(Poon Garratt, 2012, p. 253). Before the introduction of the rent control, the free market generates Q1 dwelling units which are sold at price P1. However, when the government imposes rent control, that is P3, the rental units the landlords are willing to supply in the market declines to Q3. At lower prices, the households increase their demand for houses. The demand now shifts from Q1 to Q2. Since the demand for homes now outweighs the supply, there is a shortage of housing units. The difference between Q2 and Q3 depicts the scarcity of rental units. Welfare Effect of Rent Ceiling Those consumers who will manage to get rooms benefits since the rents will be low. However, there is a significant loss for both the suppliers and consumers as their surplus will decline on the imposition of price controls. On the graph above, the producer surplus before rent control is shown by area P1NM while that of the consumer is P1NK. After the rent control, the producer surplus is represented by area P and that of the consumer by area C. Consequently, the dead weight loss sets in, that is, area marked D. The dead weight loss results because the individuals fail to get houses and also the landlords receive less money by supplying a few houses. The welfare of both the households and the owners reduces. Rationale Behind Price Ceiling in U.S Apartment Markets Market failure necessitates the intervention of the government to introduce controls meant to correct the inefficiencies. In the housing market, the rents of houses are known to go higher to the extent that the renters find it difficult to secure accommodation. Many low-income earners are the category that suffers most due to hiked rents. For example, they find it difficult to stay near their workplaces especially in the major cities. Therefore, to provide protection to this class of individuals, states in the United States such as New York have implemented rent controls(Rowley, Ong, Haffner, 2015, p. 475). By setting how high rents can reach, the governments ensure that low-income earners can afford houses. Policy to Address the Issue of Housing Affordability Instead of controlling rents, the governments should focus on measures that will increase the supply of dwelling units. For example, the government should ensure an efficient and impartial provision of infrastructure to serviceable lands to encourage the construction of new homes. Roads should be improved to increase the supply of well-situated land for development of new dwelling units. Moreover, the government should work with the private investors and Non-Governmental Institutions to construct homes primarily in cities that are facing a shortage. The state can provide financial support and other tax incentives to the private sectors to motivate them to build houses. With an adequate supply of homes, the prices and rents will be relatively lower to cater for the needs of low and mid-income households. Conclusion The governments often intervene in the market through price controls with the intention of protecting the consumers or the producers. The price floors are meant to safeguard the interests of suppliers whereas the price ceilings are supposed to cushion the consumers. Rent control is an instance of price controls that is common in many states across the world. While this policy has good intentions, the ultimate results worsen the welfare of the renters due to a shortage of housing units. The government should, therefore, focus on strategies that will increase the supply of houses to make the rental apartments affordable. Bibliography Andersson, R., Sderberg, B. (2012). Elimination of Rent Control in the Swedish Rental Housing Market: Why and How? Journal of Housing Research , 159-181. Bray, Z. (2012). The New Progressive Property and the Low-Income Housing Conflict. Brigham Young University Law Review , 1109-1167. Kenyon, P. (2013). Price control, investment and resource allocation. History of Economics Review , 88-95. Mankiw, N. G., Cosgrove, S. (2014). Principles of microeconomics. Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning. Poon, J., Garratt, D. (2012). Evaluating UK housing policies to tackle housing affordability. International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis, 5(3) , 253-271. Rowley, S., Ong, R., Haffner, M. (2015). Bridging the Gap between Housing Stress and Financial Stress: The Case of Australia. Housing Studies , 30 (3), 473-490.

The role of bottom up and top down processes in visual perception Essay Example

The role of bottom up and top down processes in visual perception Paper Theories of perception tend to explain how the visual system operates in terms of two kinds of processes: bottom up, data driven ones, that are pre-attentive, and are a consequence of how the nervous system is structured and top down or concept driven processes which rely on experience, inference and expectations. Apart from the retina, the rest of the visual system has two way connections ( for example the interplay between the lateral geniculate nuclei and the visual cortex), and thus top down processing is an obvious implication of the manner in which the human anatomy is organised. Gestalt psychologists have described how we organise sensation to perceive separate objects: and have developed a number of rules for figure ground organisation. The basic laws of Gestalt are: proximity, similarity, closure, and good continuation. But physiological evidence for the internal existence of their laws (which they termed isomorphism and believed to be based on electrical fields in the brain) has not been found. Lashley et al (1951; cited in Eysenck, M. 1998) were unable to affect vision by disrupting the electrical fields in the cortex of monkeys. However, the grouping theories that they have described occur in perception even at short durations of less than 100 m/s, this suggests that they must be a bottom up process. We will write a custom essay sample on The role of bottom up and top down processes in visual perception specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The role of bottom up and top down processes in visual perception specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The role of bottom up and top down processes in visual perception specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Template theories suggest that copies of the objects are stored in the long term memory, which are matched against to produce pattern recognition. This theory is completely concept driven, and thus only those objects stored in memory can be seen and novel objects cannot be perceived at all. Since one object needs various templates to represent all the different shapes and sizes that result from viewing a 3D object, it requires an almost infinite numbers of templates to be stored, and accessed. Feature theorists solve the problem by breaking an image into basic features, which are compared with similar patterns in the memory. So called feature detectors, identified by Hubel and Weisel(1959, 1968) as single cortical cells, identify specific(simple) features in their receptive field such as curves, angles, or straight edges. Other complex cells respond to angles, or movement and process the information on a different level, each level adding another layer of sophistication to the visual stimulus. Typified by Selfridges pandemonium model, feature net models explain perception entirely in terms of data driven processes. They do not account for the complexity of a human environment, or explain the importance of context. Both approaches are unified in a bi-directional model of pattern recognition, such as that offered by Mcclelland, Rumelhart, and Hinton (1986; cited in Gleitman 1999). This system offers answers where there is ambiguity, and bi-directional inhibition of alternative detectors explains why priming effects result in faster reaction times. This model begins with a knowledge-driven hypothesis, which makes the visual system more sensitive to data from feature detectors. The important difference is that each level is capable of influencing any other level, in both directions, and thus the term parallel processing has be used. Thus when presented with the ambiguous dalmation figure figure, data driven processing alone is not able to organise the stimulus into a recognisable pattern, but after being told what to look for, the task is easily solved. A major achievement of our visual system is the creation of a three dimensional reality, from a flat retinal image. Depth cues describe how this is achieved. There is evidence to suggest that depth cues in simpler animals such as salamanders is innate (see Spery, 1943; cited in Coren et al, 1994). Visual cliff experiments show that depth cues are used by a wide range of very young animals (Walk and Gibson, 1961; cited in Gleitman, 1999). Binocular depth perception has been found in humans as young as four months( Granrud, 1986; cited in Coren et al 1994). However, depth perception is improved, as with dark reared kittens, through learning during sensitive periods in an animals development (see Tees, 1974; cited in Coren et al, 1994). Monocular or pictorial depth cues such as occlusion and familiar size offer information about relative distances in the world around us. Since these cues are learned they must be examples of top down processes. As evidence of this Turnbull (1961; cited in Chandler.) found that forest dwelling pygmies, unused to environments requiring long range depth perception, applied size constancy only over short distances. They interpreted a far off herd of buffalo as insects. Other learned cues are texture gradients, height in the plane, linear and aerial perspective Binocular depth cues are now believed to be physiological. These include accommodation, convergence, retinal size and stereopsis. Julesz (1959) illustrated that the visual system is able to reconstruct three dimensional perception from random dot stereograms , in the absence of any other depth cues. This occurs when the visual system is able to match and fuse the disparate images in each retina. In other words, stereopsis produces form and not the other way around. In support of this Bishop and Pettigrew (1986; cited in Coren et al, 1994) located disparity tuned detectors in the in the visual cortex of cats. Marr and Poggio (1976) solved the matching problem of how the visual system is able to match which element in each eyes view belong together, and how alternative fusional possibilities are eliminated. Evidence of neurons that respond to crossed (near) and uncrossed (far) disparities have been found in monkeys (Poggio and Fischer, 1997; cited in coren et al, 1994). Their computational theory illustrates the level of complexity that an automatic and bottom up process is capable of, and led the way for developments in object recognition. Their model of object recognition allows for a 3 dimensional representation that is independent of the observers viewpoint. Earlier models such as template matching theories were confounded by the enormous variation that any one object has in three dimensions. It is important to note that various depth cues may be used at once, and the effectiveness of a particular cue will be determined by its reliability in the past. Ittleson (1951; cited in Coren et al, 1994) presented participants with different sized playing cards in a dark room. Since all other depth cues were lacking the largest cards were perceived as being closer, thus illustrating how retinal size was interpreted in terms of past experience (familiar size). Our ability to combine depth cues then is learned. Biedermans Geon theory of object recognition (1987, 1990) is a development of computational theories. It reduces the information about the components of a visual object to 36 basic shapes or Geons, which are matched in the long term memory. The success of the theory relies on the understanding of non-accidental properties, those aspects of a perception that do not change as we look at an object from a different angles (for example symmetry, parallel lines, curvature). Biedermans theory explains object recognition as consisting of various processes. Thus patients with visual agnosia are able to recognise each separate aspect of an object: a brush made of handle and bristles, but are incapable of organising the features into a recognisable whole. However, the theory relies on bottom up processes and does not explain the importance of context in object recognition. This was illustrated by Bruner et al (1951; cited in Eysenck, M. 1998) who found that hypotheses or expectations (top down processes) might influence perception of colour. Thus playing cards of irregular colours, such as black hearts, were reported as brown or purple. The implication is that bottom up processing is used in optimal viewing conditions, and supplemented by top down processes, in less than optimal viewing conditions. Gregory (1970, 1980) a constructivist, used the Muller-Lyer illusion to illustrate how context might be applied to perception, in this case in terms of misapplied size constancy. He suggests that the line that appears as longer reminds us of the inside corner of a room, thus we interpret it as further away than the other figure. Since the retinal images are the same size, the visual system mistakenly infers that the line on the right must be bigger. Experiments reported in 1966 by Segall, Campbell and Herskovitz (cited in Chandler) suggested that the Mà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ller-Lyer illusion may be absent or reduced amongst people who grow up in right-angle free environments. This would indeed be evidence for knowledge driven influence on perception. However, Gross (1992; cited in Eysenck,M. 1998) found the same illusory effect when the arrows were replaced with other shapes, that could not represent the 3D corners. Helmholtz, and later Gregory (1978) and Rock (1983) exemplify the Intelligent Perception approach. In their view, visual perception of space goes beyond the image itself to include previous experience and habitual cognitive processing strategies. The main problem with the constructivist approach is that many of the top down effects described are produced in a lab, under brief exposure in conditions removed from everyday life. As Tulving et al (1964; cited in Gleitman, 1999) found, top down processing is important under ambiguous circumstances, such as brief exposure of a stimulus, where bottom up processes are reduced in effectiveness. But we would expect that perception would be inaccurate much more of the time, if expectation plays such an important role. This just isnt the case in everyday life. Gibsons direct perception approach is a bottom up ecological theory, which suggests that automatic higher-order patterns between such elements as size, shape and distance remain the same as we move around, and are used to produce a coherent view of the world. They explain the phenomena of size and shape constancy. Thus, although the size of the retinal image may change as we move closer to the visual stimulus, other relationships between visual elements are invariant. However,Size constancy can be found even when other relationships between object and background such as texture cues are absent from the visual scene. Also, as distance cues are reduced, size constancy is also reduced, (see Holway and Boring, 1947; cited in Gleitman, 1999). Favouring one process over another in perception, as reflected in the opposition between constructivist and direct perception theories is too limiting to explain all of the evidence. Innate components exist and are important, but to achieve high levels of visual functioning, these components must mature, and experience allows this to happen. Both processes may occur together, or in sequence, but both must occur. The idea that perception is immediate and begins with primitive features has been investigated in the work of Treisman through Feature Integration Theory. She suggests that primitive features do not have to be analysed or located, they jump in to perception effortlessly. Measuring response times in visual search tasks, differences in shape, colour, orientation and direction of movement embedded in a display, are perceived very quickly. Thus a single letter O embedded in a display of many Vs can be perceived as fast as a single O between only two Vs. This indicates that the visual system doesnt have to inspect every detail to determine whether it has relevant properties and implies that this process is pre-attentive. However, perception of a collection of features is not as immediate, and when presented with features such as a colour and a letter simultaneously for 200 m/s, certain illusory conjunctions were apparent: letters were identified, but their colours were often confused or swapped (see Treismann and Gelade, 1980; cited in Gleitman, 1999). Thus indicating that coordinating several features in a stimulus requires a discrete step that occurs after that of feature identification. This stage requires active focal attention. Importantly, the process is independent of the stimulus, and involves selecting a locus in space, and integrating the features there into a perceptual object. Feature integration is less prone to error when we know which objects to expect. This aspect of the process involves attention, which is an important conceptually driven aspect of perception.

The Move essays

The Move essays Since the age of six, I knew that I was to be a dancer. The beauty of the long, graceful bodies, radiate throughout the space, as I feel my heart clench with fulfillment. I am fascinated by the lingering, yet precise movements, which the dancers seem to perform with such ease. They stretch their legs as if reaching for the heavens; grind their Pointe shoes into the floor as if to conquer hell. Perfection is captivated by the unison of the dancers. These movements are the essence of The Nutcracker, the heart and soul of dance. My motivation to dance started when I first witnessed this indescribable sight. Witnessing the beauty of The Nutcracker was an instant inspiration, which I always keep close in mind. My goal in everyday of dancing is to reach the perfection that I experienced at the young age of six. I feel my feet rush over the floor. Running across the room, the surrounding air disturbed by my increasing momentum, I think of the actions, feeling the step pulse through my body. When the first glimpse of my foot leaving the ground happens, I clench my muscles, hoping to find a center of gravity. I rise higher and higher into the air with each passing second, while my legs spread farther and farther apart, until they reach their full extension. My arms form a perfect arc as they stretch to meet above my head, which strains to look at the mirror. Toes pointed to their fullest extent, as if being pulled by some invisible string. At that one single moment, Im suspended in mid-air, until I start to fall toward the ground. I make a poised landing, stepping through, landing quietly, as if Im only a whisper. I step out, and face the mirror, out of breathe, but fully content as the thought of what just happened passes through my mind. ...

Marketing Plan for Red Bull Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing Plan for Red Bull Company - Essay Example Cumulatively, the company sold over 35 billion cans worldwide to date. Red Bull is the brand name used by the Red Bull Company from Austriai. This energy drink contains several ingredients, which make it a super energy drink. These include glucose, glucoronolactone, caffeine, sucrose, taurine, and B-group vitamins (Red Bull GmbH, n.d.). This drink trades in two major brands i.e. R-B Energy Drink and R-B Sugar Free. The later is similar to the former, only that it lacks sugars. Aspartame and acesulfame K sweeteners replace this glucose and sucrose. Red Bull enjoys worldwide market coverage as well as global competition from established soft drinks players. Emerging markets for soft drinks and health concerns of consumers are some of the issues affecting the market growth and expansion of the drink. Obesity is also becoming a major threat in the soft drinks market due to the sugars they contain. This is even more challenging to this industry owing to the fact that most of its target ma rket ranges among children and the youth who are most vulnerable to obesity. However, Red Bull managed to maneuver though all these challenges to sit comfortably at the top of preferred energy drinks around the globeii. Current Marketing Situation For any firm that seeks to succeed, it is important to define a company product's position, target and segmentation. In terms of its position, Red Bull is an energy drink that increases concentration, reaction speed, and performance as well as improves people's emotional state. Consumers can find all these benefits when drinking Red Bull. During tiring days, long school days, and stressful work, people want to get a product that helps them to relax their bodies and minds. Moreover, Red Bull provides not only its regular style of beverage but also a sugar-free version for people who are concerned about their health. Red Bull's target market is active males and females between ages of 17 to 35. For this reason, Red Bull targets people in col lege, recent college graduates, and workers who also study. These types of people have active and busy lifestyles that make it hard for them to endure long days and nights. Especially for the workers who study, it is challenging to balance sports, education, clubs and jobs. Red Bull is the solution for people at the turning point in their lives because energy is important component that keeps individuals active to achieve their goals Objectives and Issues Marketing Strategy It is important for the company to have segmentation in order to market its product and have costumers. Red Bull segments its product by demographic, geographic and psychographic components. The main demographic of Red Bull is young males and females between 17 and 35 years old. The geographic component focuses on people who study at places where life is busy and rushed. Bars and clubs near or on these places are also a geographic segment, in which Red Bull concentrates. The psychographic segment includes young s tudents and professionals who have long days filled with study and work, so they get tired and stressed. They want to relax and have fun at night, enjoy the rest of the day and remain active by having energy drinkiii Distribution of Red Bull energy drink is through most gas stations, convenience stores and grocery stores in the U.S. Some of the stores include Safeway, Quick Trip, Conoco, SuperSaver, and 7-Eleven. The product is also available in supercenter stores such as

Legal and ethical issues in Siemens Global Case Study

Legal and ethical issues in Siemens Global - Case Study Example The company should have faced stringent operating procedures and forced to pay heavy penalties that would have discouraged prospective perpetrators. A small amount of slightly over $ 2 billion was a slap in the face of economic crime regulators since the company’s annual sale at the time was at a figure of over 70 billion Euros. This only encouraged the company to bribe more parties. Any company that fundamentally violates the acceptable code of business conduct ought to face stiffer penalties than just mere monetary fines that the company could have deemed as ‘budget fines’ (Twomey et al., 2011).   If you were the new Chief Ethics Officer, how would you have handled the situation? Although I would have handled the situation in a more or less similar manner to the then Chief Ethics Officer, I would however, taken a slightly different approach as far as the management of rogue employees is concerned. My first approach would have been to arrange for seminars where different personalities would train and encourage the employees on the benefits of upholding acceptable ethical standards. Instead of just dismissing incompetent employees, I would have engaged them in educational seminars before demoting them to lower positions so that they could rework their way up the corporate ladder through ethical and just means. This approach would have instilled confidence in them and all other employees to work as a team towards the attainment of Siemens short-term and long-term goals (Fernando, 2010). Was the corruption justified since bribery was legal in Germany until 1999? Despite the fact that bribery was legal in Germany, there was no justification for the corruption witnessed in Siemens whatsoever. The fact that Siemens is a German company did not negate the need to operate in accordance to the internationally accepted business ethics since Siemens is an international company with subsidiaries spread across the globe. Although, the senior executives in Siemens’ case tried to justify their acts as a strategy to gain competitive advantage in the market, this still violated the internationally accepted business conducts. This is because most of Siemens’ corrupt deals were international and any company that operates on a global platform ought not to use local policies but internationally recognized ones in business operations. With all these evidences of breach of international law, it is wise to conclude that Siemens was not justified to embrace bribery and corruption as ‘company policy.’ (Twomey et al., 2011).   How does an organization make the shift to refine their ethical practices when there is such a radical change in policy? More often than not, organizations that take the bold step to ethical recovery undergo agonizing experiences though the results obtained are much pleasant. Various ways by which organizations can make the shift to refine their ethical practices exist and there is no single most approach to this course. Some organizations opt for the restructuring of the management system in an attempt to reverse the undesirable trends witnessed over a period. While this can be an appropriate approach for a dynamic and self-motivated team, the organization can seek to transform the culture of employees directly by either imposing new company policies or engaging the employees in dialogue. Ordinarily, most organizations choose the latter as it has the effect of improving employees’ trust and confidence in the company. Overall, whichever approach an organization decides to take should incorporate participation by all stakeholders (Fernando, 2010). By researching online, what have been more recent developments with Siemens Global

The Management of Organizational Diversity Essay

The Management of Organizational Diversity - Essay Example Diversity encompasses everyone. Diversity can be identified on various parameters like race, ethnicity, age, gender, physical ability, physical characteristics, income, education, parental status, marital status, sexual orientation, religious beliefs, personality types and geographic location. In the growing global scenario the diversity factor is on the increasing trend. This calls for more attention toward diversity management. There are laws like EEO, Equal Employment Opportunities that guarantee the right to everyone for employment regardless of their diversity. Diversity management improves on EEO but is not a replacement of EEO. There are certain constrains due to diversity like- the area of consideration gets limited, there could be lack of diversity in STEM position applicants. There could be negligible diversity at the top ranks. It may categorize people into certain positions. Recruiting tends to be normally done from the same source. Similarly, only one person or a group of persons coming from a set of backgrounds gets the opportunity to be groomed. It has been found that all individuals experience difficulty in interacting with colleagues, customers and others due to diversity in backgrounds like racial, gender or socio-economic. This often throws up cases of miscommunication but if they are not checked in time they could flare up into bigger problems. And there could be feelings like exclusion, mistreatment, no support or left-alone etc. that are not desirable for a healthy organization. One challenge is development of "like-me" syndrome. People coming from similar backgrounds tend to flock together. This created certain bias in the workplace and should be checked as early as possible. "[T]he "like me" syndrome can lead to a tendency to employee and work with people like oneself in terms of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, and disability." (EEOC, 1998: 27). This is a barrier for judging performances without any bias and also to get honest feedbacks. Similarly, when some groups are formed based on similarity, others are looked upon as outsiders. It has come up in researches that the outsiders do not get the same level of information, they are not included in decision making, they are given lesser opportunities to learn and perform. This gives rise to stereotyping where people intentionally or unintentionally form opinions about other groups. They also develop certain ideas regarding certain people. For example, women are too soft to become successful in administration or black people are not good employees Asian Americans are not to be accepted. The biggest challenge diversity poses is misunderstanding diverse non-verbal communications. For example a thumbs-up can be a positive sign in one culture but not so in another one and may become the cause of a rift. Sometimes the measures taken to encourage diversity by recruitment from all groups etc. can have a negative effect on the majority group as they

A Literature Review of Association Rules in Mining

A Literature Review of Association Rules in Mining Abstract Mining association rules is an essential job for information discovery. Past transaction data can be analyzed to discover client behaviors such that the superiority of business decision can be improved. The approach of mining association rules focuses on discovering large item sets, which are groups of items that come into view together in a sufficient number of dealings. Association rules are if/then statements that help uncover relationships between seemingly unrelated data in a information repository. In this paper we will show by experimental results the behavior of apriori algorithm. Weshall describes the basic concepts of association rules mining, the basic model of mining association rules. Finally, this paper describes the association rules mining and its techniques. Introduction Association rules mining is an important task in data mining. It is a popular and well researched method for discovering strong associations between variables in large databases. It is intended to discover strong rules between different variables in databases. A large amount of data can easily be analyzed to discover customer purchasing behavior which improve business behavior. The goal of the association rules mining is to identify items that are bought together by sufficiently many customers. The strong relation between different items in the market are existing like the peoples who buy milk also tends to buy bread and eggs in this sentence there is a relation between milk and bread. So association rules are used to identify these relationships between items for the improvement of business behavior. Association rules can be expressed as: R: X==>Y, where: X à ¢Ã…  Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ I, Y I, and X, it is said that if the item set X occurs in a transaction, then Y will inevitably appears in the transaction. Therefore, X is called a prerequisite for the rule; Y is the result of the rule. Support and Confidence are two different interestingness for measure. Support of an item I is the number of transactions that support (contains) I, and Confidence compares the number of times the pair was purchased to the number of times one of the items in the pair was purchased. In probability terms this is referred to as the conditional probability of the pair. For example, if a supermarket database has 100,000 point-of-sale transactions out of which 2,000 include both items A and B and 800 of these include item C, the association rule If A and B are purchased then the item C is also purchased on the same trip has a support of 800 transactions (alternatively 0.8% = 800/100,000) and a confidence of 40% (=800/2,000). A huge number of association rules can be identified if the database is large. So for minimizing association rules minimum Support and Confidence are considered, both are specified by the user which help us to and valuable rules from database. Association Rule Mining Algorithms A-priori Algorithm Principle of Apriori Algorithm: If an item set is frequent, then all of its subsets must also be frequent. Apriori algorithm is a classical and breadth first search association rules algorithm. This algorithm was first proposed by Agrawal et al in 1993.Apriori algorithm strategy is to separate association rule mining tasks into two steps: First discover frequent item sets, and the second is the Generating of Association rules, it extracts high confidence rules from the frequent item sets. The first step for mining frequent item sets the algorithm will produce a large number of Items; the algorithm will execute K iterations where K is the number of items in the second iteration the algorithm produce some frequent item sets with the first selected frequent item set. After the K iteration the algorithm produce the superset of all frequent items. Here the basic idea of generating frequent item sets is: First step, statistics the frequency of the set with an element, and identify those item sets that is not less than the minimum support, that is, the maximum one-dimensional item sets. Then start the cycle processing from the second step until no more maximum item sets generated. The cycle is: in the first step k, k-dimensional candidate is generated form (k-1) dimensional maximum item sets, and then scans the database to get the candidate item set support, and compare with the minimum support, k-dimensional maximum set is found. The apriori algorithm takes advantage of the fact that any subset of a frequent item set is also a frequent item set, therefore it reduce the number of candidates being considered by only exploring the item sets whose support count is greater than the minimum support count snf all infrequent item set can be pruned if it has an infrequent subsets. Apriorialgorithm is breadth-first algorithm, therefore if the database is too large then it suffer from a number of inefficiencies by creating a large number of subsets. Apriori algorithm uses sets intersections to determine support values. It determines the support values of all (K-1) candidates before counting the K candidates. The dataset may be too large thus the problem is that the resulted frequent item set may be exceeded with main memory and wasting of time to Figure 1: Apriori algorithm Pseudo code. Figure 2: Improved version of Apriori Algorithm Hold a large number of candidate set with much frequent item sets. So to overcome this problem the dataset is partitioned in different chunks and each chunk is treated independently. And then the resulted frequent items are merged with one extra scan. Applications: Basket data analysis, cross-marketing, catalog design, sale campaign analysis, Web log (click stream) analysis, and DNA sequence analysis. 2.1.1. Variation in Apriori Algorithm The limitation of appriori algorithm is improved by the improved version ofappriori algorithm. It is to be defined as: Suppose Ck is the candidate item set of size k, and Lk is the frequent item set of size k in the proposed approach the algorithm is improved by reduce the time consuming for candidates item set generation. Here the algorithm firstly scan all transactions to generate L1 which contains all items, and found their support and transaction ID, and then L1 is used as a helper to generate L2, L3.Lk, then generate C2 by joining L1 * L1 to construct 2-itemset C(x,y) where x,y are the items of C2. Before scanning all transaction records to count the support count of each candidate, use L1 to get the transaction IDs of the minimum support count between x and y, and thus scan for C2 only in these specific transactions. The same thing for C3, construct 3-itemset C (x, y, z), where x, y and z are the items of C3 and use L1 to get the transaction IDs of the minimum support count bet ween x, y and z, then scan for C3 only in these specific transactions and repeat these steps until no new frequent item sets are identified. FP-Growth Algorithm FP-growth algorithm is one of the latest and most efficient algorithms in depth-first algorithm. It allows frequent item sets discovery without candidates item set generation. It is a two step approaches, first build a compact data structure called FP-tree and then extract the frequent item sets directly from the FP-tree. Compared with Apriori Algorithm, FP-growth has the following advantages: To avoid multiple dataset scanning it scan only the dataset twice. It increases space and time efficiency. But its difficulty lies in large and sparse datasets, in the mining processing and recursive computations require considerable space. Applications: Basket data analysis, frequent patterns. Association Rules Applications 3.1. Market Based Data Analysis A typical and widely-used example of association rule mining is market basket analysis. It is a technique that discovers relationships between pairs of products purchased together. The technique can be used to identify the items having strong relationship. The idea behind market basket analysis is simple, simply examine the order of products have been purchased together. For example in market basket analysis the fact might be uncover that if a customer buy milkalso tends to buy breads. So using this information we might organize our store that milk and bread next to each other. For doing market basket analysis there is some couple of measures is used, which is frequency, minimum Support and minimum Confidence, frequency is the number of times two products were purchased together, and minimum Support and Confidence are discussed before. Market Basket Analysis print report about given items, for example if we need to find relationship of Milk with others Bread, Eggs and Cheeses, then market basket analysis print a reports. TheReport consists of the products name, Frequency, Support and Confidence. Market Basket Analysis: Milk Product Frequency Support Confidence Breeds 820 82% 91.1% Cheese 800 80% 23.5% Eggs 750 75% 34% The higher the confidence means that there is a probably of strong relationship between the products. In the above example confidence of Milk and Breads shows that in 91% of transactions Milk and Bread are sold together. 3.2 Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Customer Relationship Management is a combination of business process and technology that seeks to understand a companys customers from the perspective of who they are, what they do, and what they are like. Here we are focusing on the CRM of banking sector, which are focused to find the preference of different customer, to provide services to the customer to enhance cohision between customers and the bank. Association rules are used to identify customer preferences and customer behavior. Conclusion Association rules mining are a popular and well researched method for discovering strong associations between variables in large databases. In this paper we have describe Association rules mining which is the important task of data mining. Then we describes techniques for the Association rules which is apriori and FP-growth algorithm, the limitation of apriori algorithm was inefficiency in case of large database by checking all k-1 items, the improve apriorialgorithm overcome this problem by finding transactions ids of every frequent item and then for k+1 set generation used that k-1 table and search only those transactions in which the current item are exist. According to this the efficiency of the algorithm is improved. Then we discuss FP-growth algorithm which is depth first search and fastest algorithm, it uses tree to find frequent item sets. In the last the application of association rules Market basket data analysis and Customer Relationship management are discussed in this pa per. References Mohammed Al-Maolegi, Bassam Arkok Jordon, An improved apriori algorithm for association rules International Journal on Natural Language Computing (IJNLC) Vol. 3, No.1, February 2014. Ruowu Zhong and Huiping Wang China Research of Commonly Used Association Rules Mining Algorithm in Data Mining 2012. S. Rao, R. Gupta, Implementing Improved Algorithm Over APRIORI Data Mining Association Rule Algorithm International Journal of Computer Science And Technology, pp. 489-493, Mar. 2012. Jiawei Lian , Michelins Kamber. Data mining: Concepts and Techniques [M]. America: Morgan Kaufman Publishers, 2000. Market basket data analysis http://www.albionresearch.com/market_basket Show-Jane Yen and Arbee L.P. Chen Taiwan An Efficient Data Mining Technique for Discovering Interesting Association Rules2010

Lord of the Flies by William Golding and Great Expectations by Charles

Lord of the Flies by William Golding and Great Expectations by Charles Dickens `Lord of the Flies`, by William Golding was written in 1954 almost a century after Charles Dickens wrote `Great Expectations`, in 1860. Both of the novels are considered as being classics and have been made into films and the books while seeming completely different do have similarities although they are in different social, historical and cultural settings. The frameworks of the books are completely different, `Lord of the Flies` starts as a traditional boy's adventure story like `Coral Island`, by R.M. Ballantyne, however it is subverted to a dark, menacing story about how people behave when the constraints of society are removed. The island is a microcosm of society, and in the book we see examples of hierarchy, the social divide, human nature, and how the boys, with no adults, start to rely on their basic savage instincts. `Great Expectations` is mainly about the divides between the rich and the poor, a popular theme in the Victorian times as the industrial revolution had broadened and highlighted the divide, however both books do reflect on society, and the weakness of human nature. Both the books, while having a traditional framework, have an original element. Not many memoirs are as strange and varied as Pip's, and not many boy's adventure stories turn as dark and menacing as Golding's novel. In the opening chapters the settings of the books are contrasting, in `Lord of the Flies`, the boys are in tropical splendor, (the pool) "It was clear to the bottom and bright with the efflorescence of tropical weed and coral" (pg 17), while in `Great Expectations` the opening chapter is set in a graveyard, which is dank a... ...agwitch in his torn, coarse and disheveled state, "A fearful man, all in coarse grey, with a great iron on his leg. A man with no hat, and with broken shoes, and with an old rag tied round his head. A man who had been soaked in water, and smothered in mud, and lamed by stones, and cut by flints, and stung by nettles, and torn by briars; who limped". From this the reader can see that, although the opening chapters of both novels seem completely unrelated, in fact when the reader looks more closely, many parallels can be seen. For example though the settings are very diverse, one being a wind swept moor, and the other being a tropical island, both are menacing. Although these books were written almost a century apart, and at first seem to be on different topics, many of the key features are the same, and many of the characters posses similar qualities.

Fashion of Roaring Twenties and the Sixties

Fashion of the Roaring Twenties and The Sixties Fashion is the style prevalent at a given time. It usually refers to costume or clothing style. Everybody has to wear clothes, making fashion a part of everyday life. The way someone dresses says a lot about his or her personality, age, culture and experience. At times of economic or social change, fashion often changed. The 1920s and the 1960s are big eras were economic and social change were happening. They are both largely known for their fashion.The 1920s was also known as the Roaring Twenties due to the period’s social, artistic, and cultural energy. The twenties were right after the end of World War One and right before the Great Depression. The era was notable for inventions and discoveries, industrial growth, increased consumer demand and significant changes in lifestyle (â€Å"roaring twenties†). During the twenties, the economy of the United States evolved from a wartime economy to a peacetime economy. The Eighte enth Amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale, import and export of alcohol in attempt to help the social problems.Passing the nineteenth amendment gave women the political equality they had been fighting for. The twenties were also known as the Jazz Age because jazz music grew in popularity. â€Å"During the 1920s jazz music flourished, the flapper redefined modern womanhood, Art Deco peaked, and the Wall Street Crash of 1929 ended the era, as the Great Depression set in† (â€Å"roaring twenties†). The Roaring Twenties were trying to break from traditions of the Victorian way of life. Since the 1920s was a time of celebration, there were many fads.Young women’s fashion of the 1920s was both a trend and a social statement. They were labeled ‘flappers’ by the older generations. â€Å"Flapper† was a popular slang for a very young prostitute or a lively mid-teenage girl. â€Å"The image of flappers were young women who went to jazz clubs at n ight where they danced provocatively, smoked cigarettes through long holders, and dated freely, perhaps indiscriminately. They rode bicycles, drove cars, and openly drank alcohol, a defiant act in the American period of Prohibition† (â€Å"flapper†). They were seen as rude and self-assertive for their behavior. The ‘new’ woman was less invested in social service than the Progressive generations, and in tune with the capitalistic spirit of the era, she was eager to compete and to find personal fulfillment† (â€Å"roaring twenties†). Flappers as a social group were separate from other 1920s groups; their behavior was bizarre at the time. They challenged women’s traditional public roles, supporting voting and women’s rights. Some flappers weren’t into the politics. â€Å"Older suffragettes, who fought for the right for women to vote, viewed flappers as vapid and in some ways unworthy of the enfranchisement they had worked so hard to win† (â€Å"flapper†).In addition to their strange behavior, they were known for their style. Flapper style made girls look young and boyish. They had a chin-length bob hairstyle and wore straight waist dresses with a hemline above the knee. The risen hemline allowed flashing of the legs when a girl danced. They also removed the corset from female fashion. Until the 1920s, cosmetics were not accepted in American society because of its association with prostitution but flappers made cosmetics popular. High heels also came into style, 2-3 inches high.Writers and illustrators in the United States popularized the flapper look through their works, making flappers appealing and independent. Even though the flapper look and lifestyle were popular at the time, it could not last through the Wall Street Crash or the Great Depression. Another popular era for fashion was the 1960s, more commonly called The Sixties. The sixties was a movement escaping from the conservative w ays of the fifties and eventually resulted in revolutionary ways of thinking and real changes in the culture of American life (Goodwin).The Civil Rights Movement played a major role of changes in society in the 1960s, starting with Martin Luther King Jr. In 1961, John F. Kennedy was elected president, becoming the youngest president to ever hold office. The Vietnam War was a major event in the 1960s that absorbed a lot of national attention. The draft took place followed by anti-war outlook. The National Organization of Women questioned the unequal treatment of women in the society. The hippie movement arose as a result of young people not content with the generation ahead of them. The sixties was a decade that broke many fashion traditions, mirroring social movements during the period† (â€Å"fashion†). The sixties were the age of youth, who wanted change. The changes they were looking for affected education, values, lifestyles, laws and entertainment (Goodwin). There were so many young people in the sixties due to the post-war baby boom. The children had grown up and were becoming teenagers and young adults. These youths changed the fashion, the fads, and the politics of the decade (Goodwin).They dressed to convey rebellion. â€Å"The sixties began a decade which may well be recorded as one of the most fashion-conscious periods in recent history, challenging the 1890s and the 1920s† (â€Å"1960s fashion†). The hippie movement arose during the mid-1960s. Hippies didn’t focus on what others thought, they believed in ‘equality for all’. Hippie characteristics comprised of listening to rock, accepting sexual revolution and the use of drugs such as marijuana and LSD to explore alternative states of consciousness (â€Å"hippie†).Hippies were pacifists, the belief that any violence is unjustifiable, under any circumstances, and that all arguments should be settled by peaceful meanings. They participated civil ri ghts marches and anti-Vietnam War protests. â€Å"The late 1960 produced a style categorized of people whom promoted sexual liberation and favored a type of politics reflecting ‘peace, love and freedom’† (â€Å"fashion†). By 1965, hippies had become an established social group in the United States. By 1968, the hippie look was in style. Hippie’s way of dress and grooming was one way of expressing their thought of independence.Both genders wore bell-bottomed jeans, tie-dyed shirts, headbands and sandals. Women often went barefoot and braless. Teenage girls often wore fringed buckskin vests, flowing long dress, Mexican peasant blouses, gypsy-style skirts, scarves, and bangles (â€Å"fashion†). Fabrics frequently consisted of animal or paisley prints. Both men and women grew their hair out long, including men’s facial hair. Further trends included love beads, peace signs, body piercing and tattoo body art. Hippies wore clothes that they f elt communicated themselves and their individualism. Hippies repelled the post war ugliness in the world and turned the attention of fashion stalwarts towards as much natural beauty as possible† (Borade). The 1920s and the 1960s style of fashion appears to be very diverse. When observing each era’s attire they portray different looks. In the twenties, they wore dark colors opposed to the sixties where they wore very bright colors and patterns. Flappers wore tight, short dresses while hippies wore loose, floor length dresses. Flappers popularized make-up, wearing very drastic blush and lipstick. Hippies wanted to be natural so they didn’t wear any make-up.Although they seemed completely different, their motives behind their eccentric fashion were the same. They were both rebelling against the norm and trying to prove their independence. Fashion is a way of expressing personality and independence. Every person has their own sense of style and they show that through the way they dress. Everyday people get dressed, choosing clothes that they like and illustrate them best. Clothes are talked about, thought about and worn daily. Each era has a different fashion that shows up in clothes, attitude, personality and behavior.

Economic Reform essays

Economic Reform essays The Great Depression was the worst economic slump ever in U.S. history. It ranked as the worst and longest period of high unemployment and low business activity in modern times. The depression began in late 1929 and lasted for about a decade. Many factors led to the onset and continuation of the depression; however, the main cause for the Great Depression was the combination of uneven distribution of wealth throughout the 1920's, and the extensive stock market speculation that took place later during the same decade. Money was distributed intermittently between the rich and the middle-class, between industry and agriculture within the United States, and between the U.S. and Europe. This imbalance of wealth created an unstable economy. Other factors included overproduction and Americans not receiving wages to purchase those goods, foreign tariffs, and the federal reserves tight money polices. Not only was the United states being affected by the economy, the people were as well. The excessive speculation in the late 1920's kept the stock market artificially high, but eventually lead to large market crashes. Black Thursday became known to Americans on October 24th of 1929. Thousands of stockholders lost large sums of money. Many of these stockholders were even wiped out. Banks, factories, and stores closed and left millions of Americans jobless and penniless. During this period, Americans lost their money from banks shutting down because their money was not ensured. As the losses added up, suicide, violence, and divorce rates sky rocketed. During the Great Depression, radio brought Americans together in a mental aspect. Every Saturday night families would gather around to listen to President Roosevelts fire side chats. Since television was not invented yet, Roosevelt would give speeches over the radio to keep Americans updated on what was going on in Ameri ...

china essay essays

china essay essays The U.S. Government put a tariff on imports from the PRC because the U.S. Government must shoe that they will nit help the government of another nation that violates its citizens basic rights to life. The U.S. must prove that it will not help the government of another nation that will not let its people vote, the U.S. must also prove that it will not trade with any nation that threatens a nation that is friendly with us. The U.S. Government must show that they will not help a nation that violates a citizens basic rights to life. This is important because in the PRC some of the abandoned baby girls in orphanages have been found in "Dying Rooms". It is also important because in rural areas of the PRC, women are sold by their fathers and some women have ther tendons cut so they can't run away from the man that bought them. So, because baby girls are treated so poorly and even killed and women are being sold as property,the U.S. Government should put a tariff on Chia's products. Another reason is the U.S. Government must show that they will not help the government of another nation if it does not allow its people to vote. This is important because the PRC does not allow its people to vote.This is important because the PRC is a dictatorship controlled by a communist party. It is also important because the army of the PRC shot students who were peacefully protesting in Tiananmen Square. So, because the PRC is a dictatorship and shot students that peacefully protested in Tianamen Square the U.s. Government should put a tariff on Chineses products. Finally, the U.S. Government must prove that it will not trade with any nation that threatens a nation that is friendly with us. This is important because from time to time the PRC threatens Taiwan. Taiwan has a democracy modeled after its friend, the United States. It is also important because Tawain is a major trading partner of the U.S.. So, because the PRC threatens Tawain and Tawai...

Gender Perspective Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Gender Perspective - Term Paper Example Most of the females limit their activities within the boundaries of their home in the past. On the other hand, men went outside for better prospects and opportunities. In other words, men got more exposure whereas women got less exposure in the past because of the different perceptions about the gender. Gender perspectives have been changed a lot today. Neither men, nor the women are satisfied by their present roles and they are trying to incorporate more dimensions to their gender roles today. Men are just beginning to realize that the traditional definition of masculinity leaves them unfulfilled and dissatisfied. While women have left the home from which they were imprisoned by the ideology of separate spheres and now seek to balance work and family lives, men continue to search for a way back into the family from which they were exiled by the same ideology (Kimmel, 2011, p.267) The advancements in science and technology brought many changes in human life and it also affected some of the traditional beliefs, customs and life philosophies. As the knowledge of the human increases, some of the established traditions of human life are also changing along with it. Current women are not ready to limit their lives within the boundaries of home alone. Today, they are demanding equality with males, not only in personal or professional life, but also in all the aspects of human life. The concepts about human sexuality were also changed a lot in the present century. Females no longer ready to act as an instrument or slave in the bedrooms, under the strict control of men. Earlier, the major duty of the females was to satisfy the males in sexual activities even if they may not derive any pleasure out of it. However, current females are not ready to obey such traditions and they are currently not ready to engage in one sided sexual activities which give happiness only to the males. In short, gender perspectives in the past, present and in future need not be the same. This paper analyses various dimensions of current gender perspectives focusing mainly on Asia, especially China. Gender roles Genetically, males and females have some differences which cannot be neglected when we decide about assuming certain duties to men and women. It is impossible for men to conceive whereas it is impossible for a woman to give birth to a child without seeking help from a male. In other words, mutual cooperation among men and women is a necessity enforced by the nature for sustaining life on earth. Risk taking attitudes are more among males because of their superior muscle power whereas females may possesses more soft skills than males. It is difficult for men to look after their children as their wives do. Traditionally or historically, males have the responsibility of finding the livelihood whereas the females have the responsibility of the development of children and home management. However, such concepts have changed a lot at present and all these responsibilitie s are shared equally by the male and female community at present. Professional life is no more limited to males and child management is no more limited to females. The gender perspective looks at the impact of gender on people's opportunities, social roles and interactions. Successful implementation of the policy, program and project goals of international and national organizations is directly affected by the impact of gender and, in turn, influences the process of social development. Gender is an integral component

Management Decision Making A System Approach Essay

Management Decision Making A System Approach - Essay Example Management decisions are gaining extraordinary and unprecedented importance in the present changed business situation. Governments and business houses have to think beyond the territories while making a decision. They can make an impact all over the world, and the prevailing world business trend could make immediate impact on them. Management theories have evolved and have been applied mainly to change management and control management1. System approach is another, perhaps highly effective way to apply on a company that is targeting a certain achievement2. 1. Alamarai is a flourishing company, but a system and every work in the company is done as clockwork, without any change at all in the daily routine. It has its hierarchies, branches, transport system, distribution system and works like a well-oiled machine, noiselessly. 2. It has its own performance criteria and system objectives. Its performance criteria is mainly running its huge farm, stocked with yielding cows, cooling and pasteurising this milk, make connected milk products and supply them to the decided outlets along with other food products. Alamarai had been one company who had been performing flawlessly, even though a cooling project in Saudi Arabia is not an easy matter. 3. Alamarai is ruled by its environments, political, social, cultural and religious. It is also ruled by the economic environment of the present day world. These signals, the company is unable to ignore any more. 4. It has its own humanistic and psychosocial subsystems, but till recently controlling the humanistic conditions as they are mainly from foreign countries and hence, were mainly biddable, it had found comfortable, compared to the present psychosocial subsystem, that had been brought into the company through Saudisation. 5. Alamarai's aim had been integrating these subsystems with the whole wider society. The psychosocial subsystems are not only originated from the prevailing society, but also have to be improved and bettered in the same society and Alamarai is trying to integrate them. It increases options, reduces errors during achievement and the achievement could be anything. It need not be only the highly market victory. It could be connected socially, politically and culturally to the company, for which company is either forced or willingly inspired to work for.4 System approach is one of the decision support systems, that had been in vogue for sometime and had been found unquestionably effective by many organisations and has amply proved its efficiency, mainly because it works along with its subsystems, and hence, more scope for checking, correcting, evolving and finalising5. a) Company overview: Almarai (Green Pastures), a very famous company of Saudi Arabia, a household name in diary products was established in 1976, under the direction of the Prince. It is based in Saudi capital Riyadh, with its operations spread not only in Saudi Arabia, but also through the Arabian Peninsula, covering almost all the Gulf countries. It is a pioneer in agricultural, diary processing and food distribution field. It is a well known entity with a

Student Accomodations in Lesson Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Student Accomodations in Lesson Planning - Essay Example This emphasis on creating hopes in students' heads so that they can work to make them into a reality is a contrast to putting all our energy into developing and creating an effective subject-centered lesson plan. Cooperative learning is effective in IEP education because hey help students to communicate and socialize. In contrast to other lesson formats, cooperative learning is based on discussions and group work. The main similarities between these formats are that they set clear objectives and require instructions; they check understanding and have a practical application step. The main difference is that discovery lesson and cooperative learning models require additional equipment and assessment, while a critical thinking model uses evaluation step. It means being totally involved, completely engaged in doing one's schoolwork. It means total attentiveness and participation in the learning activity (Bateman, 2006). 2. The essential elements of IEP are general intelligence, emotional intelligence, academics: health issues and effective communication. Also, each EIP should have clear ejectives and aims, measurable and observable behavior and stipulated assessment criteria. In a standardized lesson format, a critical thinking model can be used as a frame work of the lesson plan. ... del implies sessions in which teachers encourage students to imagine what it would be like to be successful (including how it might be scary in some ways); how they would feel to know the subject well, to get a good grade, to get approval from their parents and teachers. Students as well as athletes need hopes; not just problems, not just the current reality (Irvine et al 2000). Cooperative model can be a part of the lesson required discussions and personal opinion. Students can begin to focus on improving those areas that are particularly retarding their school success, whether it be some character trait, a health issue, self-management skills, self-defeating ways they think, writing skills, and so forth. To do that, a student is going to have to learn to ask for and accept help from the school. And the school and community, from their side, must be prepared to give the help students need. For example, if a student sees that he has a problem with alcohol that is getting in the way, somewhere in his world there has to be people and programs waiting to respond. The general accommodations for students should involve the use of yellow chalk to reduce glare, the teacher should repeat words written on the blackboard, it is better to use only black print handouts, alternative assignments should be proposed to students who cannot follow the lesson plan. A special attention should be paid to starting, lighting, timing (extended time for tests and more breaks), repeat presentations and immediate response, special test preparation. Sorting students by ability, past achievement, or skill, or whatever, narrows the range of diversity in a classroom and enables teachers to gear materials, assignments, and content to the students' capabilities, interests, and styles. Moreover,

Home School Essay Example for Free

Home School Essay It has come to the attention of many that the debate over home schooling has been getting more brutal each and every day. Below is reassurance on why the board should offer this marvelous opportunity to these students. Every student is different, each has its own learning curves; some more then others. I am for home school because students can be overwhelmed by the large amount of work, students can get off task easily in traditional school, and if a student is home schooled, the student is the center of attention. When students go to traditional school, there are a lot of other students. Being with so many other students can be overwhelming for some, not all. For the students that it is too overwhelming for, why shouldn’t those students get an equal opportunity to do there best in school? If it is school were talking, then throw in the conversation of life as well. Without good schooling, students will be unable to get into a good college, without college, well it is kind of sad for the rest of their lives. As the Board of Education you want students to succeed in school, and in life, well then tell people to stop trying to slow down there education and the process in which students and parents educate. A positive in being home schooled is not getting off task. If the students do not have a large amount of distraction, then the want for distraction will be eliminated. Students get off task very easily (Trust me). An example of an off task student is a student talking to another student, thus far not hearing the teachers instructions. By keeping them on task then that is a great way to destroy a learning curve or learning curves. Another positive in home school is, the student is the center of attention! In any traditional school, there is a lot of students that do not understand or get the concept of a focus of study. Teachers have many students and may not always be available to make the focus of study more clear to the student. Home school guarantees the idea of a student never being left behind. What is the point of putting a student through school and the student only grasps bits and pieces, when the student could understand it all and probably even learn more then the average student in traditional school. To conclude this essay, please remember that home schooling is a great opportunity. Students are different and need special attention. I am for home school because students can be overwhelmed by the large amount of work, students can get off task easily in traditional school, and if a student is home schooled, the student is the center of attention. If the student can afford and have the means to do so, let home schooling happen!

Emotional Intelligence Essay

Emotional Intelligence Essay An individual experiences varied emotions. Happiness, fear, anger, affection, shame, disgust, surprise, lust, sadness, elation, love, frustration, anxiety, failure, achievement, etc. are just e few emotions that affect our day to day activity. Satisfaction with the presentation of good work, exhilaration on achieving an accolade, the pride in helping a colleague, anger with not being recognized, frustration with the procrastination of recommendations suggested, anxiety about meeting deadlines are just a few emotions an individual feels at work. The human brain is programmed to respond to such emotions. This is when an individuals emotional intelligence comes into play, which helps them acknowledge their emotional instinct and guides them in acting in a rational manner (Management Checklists, 2002). The phrase emotional intelligence was coined by Yale psychologist Peter Salovey and the University of New Hampshires John Mayer in 1990 to describe qualities like understanding ones own feelings, empathy for the feelings of others and directing emotions in order to enhance life (Gibbs, 1995). They distinguished it from IQ, which determined whether people would be successful in school. The concept of emotional intelligence gained popularity through Daniel Golemans books on the topic. It focused on an array of non-cognitive abilities of people that help in adapting to the various aspects of life. Goleman stated that human competencies played a bigger role in determining success in life and workplace rather than cognitive intelligence. However, Mayer, Salovey and Goleman were not the first to recognise the significance of emotional intelligence because years before managers, educators, and other professionals, these attributes were more generic and colloquially termed as people skills ( Ruderman et al, 2001). According to Daniel Goleman (1998), Emotional Intelligence is the capacity for recognizing our own feelings and those of others, for motivating ourselves, and for managing emotions well in ourselves and in our relationships. Emotional intelligence describes abilities distinct from, but complementary to, academic intelligence. On the other hand, Dr. Dalip Singh (2003) provides an Indian perspective to emotional intelligence that states it as the ability of an individual to appropriately and successfully respond to a vast variety of emotional inputs being elicited from inner self and immediate environment. Emotional intelligence constitutes three psychological dimensions such as emotional competency, emotional maturity and emotional sensitivity, which motivate an individual to recognize truthfully, interpret honestly and handle tactfully the dynamics of human behaviour. Conceptualisation of Emotional Intelligence Anybody can become angry that is easy, but to be angry with the right person and to the right degree and at the right time and for the right purpose, and in the right way that is not within everybodys power and is not easy. -Aristotle Figure 1: Conceptualisation of Emotional Intelligence (Salovey Mayer, 1990) Appraisal and Expression of Emotion Regulation of Emotion Utilisation of Emotion Self Other Verbal Nonverbal Nonverbal Perception Empathy In Self In Others Flexible Planning Motivation Redirected Attention Creative Thinking Emotional Intelligence There are varied studies based on emotional intelligence. Although, these studies are diverse, they are rooted more or less to a similar concept. Figure 1 demonstrates an outline of the basic concept of emotional intelligence, as described by Peter Salovey and John Mayer in their article Emotional Intelligence (1990). Framework of Emotional Intelligence Mind is very restless, forceful and strong, O Krishna, it is more difficult to control the mind than to control the wind -The Bhagvad Gita A Western Perspective: Figure 2: Components of Emotional Intelligence by Daniel Goleman Emotional Intelligence Self Awareness Self Management Social Competence Relationship Management Emotional Self-Awareness Accurate Self-Assessment Self-Confidence Emotional Self-Control Transparency Adaptability Achievement Initiative Conscientious Empathy Organisational Awareness Service Orientation Developing Others Inspirational Leadership Change Catalyst Influence Conflict Management Teamwork and Collaboration Self-Awareness concerns knowing ones internal states, preferences, resources, and intuitions. The There are various frameworks on emotional intelligence. However, given below is a summary of Daniel Golemans framework, referred from his book The Emotionally Intelligent Workplace (2001) and the Emotional Competence Inventory: Technical Manual (Wolff, 2005). Daniel Goleman in association with the Hay Group identified eighteen components of emotional intelligence that were grouped into four clusters. The four clusters are namely Self-Awareness, Self-Management, Social Awareness, and Relationship Management. Self-Awareness: Self-Awareness is knowing what one feels and how it reflects on performance. The cluster contains three competencies. Emotional Awareness: It is important to identify and recognise ones own feelings and know how they affect ones performance. Self-Awareness is key to realizing ones own strengths and weaknesses. Accurate Self-Assessment: Is knowing ones strengths and limits. It is important for individuals to be aware of their abilities and limitations, seek out feedback and learn from their mistakes, and know where they need to improve and when to work with others who have complementary strengths Self-Confidence: It is a strong sense of ones self-worth and capabilities. Self-confidence is a positive trait that plays a large role in personal and professional success. Self-Management: Self-management refers to managing ones internal states, impulses, and resources. The Self-Management cluster contains six competencies: Emotional Self-Control: This involves keeping disruptive emotions and impulses in check. It is the absence of distress and disruptive feelings. Signs of this competence include being unfazed in stressful situations or dealing with a hostile person without lashing out in return. Employees who possess such virtues try to merge personal goals with organisational goal. Transparency: Is about maintaining integrity and acting congruently with ones values. Transparent individuals are forthright about their own mistakes and confront others about their lapses Adaptability: Flexibility in handling change is known as adaptability. This is one of the most important components presently. An individual needs to be open to new information and can let go of old assumptions and so adapt how they operate. This is very important for innovation and growth. Achievement: It is the drive in an individual, which strives to improve or meet standards of excellence. Optimism is a key ingredient of achievement because it can determine ones reaction to unfavourable events or circumstances; those with high achievement are proactive and persistent, have an optimistic attitude toward setbacks, and operate from hope of success. Initiative: It is the readiness to act on opportunities. It involves taking anticipatory action to avoid problems before they happen or taking advantage of opportunities before they are visible to anyone else. Individuals who lack Initiative are reactive rather than proactive, lacking the farsightedness that can make the critical difference between a wise decision and a poor one. Conscientious: It includes being careful, self-disciplined, and scrupulous in attending to responsibilities It also involves persistence in pursuing goals despite obstacles and setbacks Social Awareness: Social awareness refers to how people handle relationships and awareness of others feelings, needs, and concerns. The Social Awareness cluster contains three competencies: Empathy: Empathy is sensing others feelings and perspectives, and taking an active interest in their concerns. Empathetic individual sense others emotions through facial expressions and non-verbal modes. This sensitivity to others is critical for superior job performance whenever the focus is on interactions with people. Organizational Awareness: It involves reading a groups emotional currents and power relationships. It is vital to the behind-the-scenes networking and coalition building that allows individuals to wield influence, no matter what their professional role. Service Orientation: Service orientation is about anticipating, recognizing, and meeting customers needs. This empathetic strategy talks about a long-term perspective that involves trading off immediate gains in order to preserve customer relationships. Relationship Management: Relationship management concerns the skill or adeptness at inducing desirable responses in others. It includes social skills. The Relationship Management cluster contains six competencies. Developing Others: This component involves sensing others development needs and bolstering their abilities. It is a talent of not just of excellent coaches and mentors, but also outstanding leaders. It is not only crucial for front-line managers but also vital for leadership at top levels. Inspirational Leadership: This component is about inspiring and guiding individuals and groups. It draws on a range of personal skills to inspire others, in order to achieve common goals. Outstanding leadership integrates emotional realities and install them with meaning and resonance Change Catalyst: Initiating or managing change is known as change catalyst. Employees must be able to recognize the need for change, remove barriers, challenge the status quo, and enlist others in pursuit of new initiatives. Influence: Influence is wielding effective tactics for persuasion. The influence can be in forms of persuasion strategies, impression management, dramatic arguments or actions, and appeals to reason. Employees must sense others reactions and alter their own responses such that it diverts interaction in the best direction. Conflict Management: Conflict management is all about negotiating and resolving disagreements. Listening and empathizing are crucial to this skill. Difficult situations need to be dealt with diplomacy, encouraging debate and open discussion, and thus coordinate a symbiotic situation. Teamwork Collaboration: It is about working with others toward shared goals. It involves creating group synergy in pursuing collective goals. Teamwork itself depends on the collective EI of its member. An Indian Perspective: Figure 3: Component of Emotional Intelligence by Dr. Dalip Singh Emotional Intelligence Emotional Competency Emotional Maturity Emotional Sensitivity Tackling Emotional Upsets High Self Esteem Tactful Response to Emotional Stimuli Handling Egoism Self Awareness Developing Others Delaying Gratification Adaptability and Flexibility Understanding the Threshold of Emotional Arousal Empathy Improving Interpersonal Relationships Communicability of Emotions In his book Emotional Intelligence at Work (2006), Dr Dalip Singh provides an Indian framework of emotional intelligence. He states that emotional intelligence is constituted of 3 psychological dimensions- emotional competency, emotional maturity and emotional sensitivity. Emotional Competency: It is the capacity of an individual to tactfully respond to emotional stimuli, have high self-esteem, tackle emotional upsets, manage ego, and therefore be able to enjoy emotions, relate to others; have emotional self-control and thus succeed as an individual. Tackling emotional upsets: Frustration, inferiority complexes, stress, exhaustion, fear, anger, sadness, conflicts, etc. poses as hindrances. By managing and channelizing these emotions in a positive manner, is being emotionally competent. High Self-Esteem: Having high self-esteem can help deal with criticism and challenges. Optimism is one such way of boosting self esteem. This helps perceive challenges and criticism as learning opportunities and increases confidence, which results in individual growth and improvement. Tactful Response to Emotional Stimuli: This means being creative and practical towards emotions, which are caused because of the self, and the external environment. An emotionally intelligent employee will try to manipulate the ongoing environment to his/her advantage by reacting appropriately. Handling Egoism: All emotional conduct is bound by self-interest. By being egoistic, one may have problems in interpersonal relationships. Taking initiative to sort out an issue based on ego is a sign of emotional competence. Emotional Maturity: The ability of an individual to evaluate emotions of self and others, develop others, delay gratification of immediate psychological satisfaction; and be adaptable and flexible. Self-Awareness: It involves recognition of emotions and identifying them as strengths and weaknesses. This enables an individual to help identify emotions in others as well, thus improving effectiveness of interpersonal relationships. Developing Others: By recognising the ability of other individuals, one may involve other peers in projects, etc. and thus produce an enhanced level of activity. Delaying Gratification: By exhibiting patience and learning to control emotions, one can delay gratification. This helps in judging how to handle the situation more effectively without being rash. Adaptability and Flexibility: Knowing when and how to make decisions are essential emotional skills. Adapting to the situation in accordance is extremely important. It is also very important to be flexible during various situations Emotional Sensitivity: Sensitivity is ability to respond to affective changes in your interpersonal environment. Emotional sensitivity constitutes understanding the threshold of emotional arousal, managing the immediate environment and creating a comfortable environment within a group. Understanding the Threshold of Emotion Arousal: It is important to understand the relationship between feelings and action. One must understand the cause behind the emotion. Empathy: Empathy is the ability to sense the feelings of others. It helps share and accept another persons feelings. By having empathy one can distinguish between own personal judgements and reactions and the emotions of others. Improving Interpersonal Relations: By developing interpersonal relations, a positive environment is created. To build such an ambience one must inculcate trust, confidence and reliance. This leads to success in a workplace. Communicability of Emotions: It is important to communicate emotions. It is vital to communicate emotions with confidence and self-respect. Negative emotions can convey pessimism, bitterness suspicion and inferiority therefore, it is important to communicate emotions positively. A Spiritual Perspective of Emotional Intelligence from the Bhagvad Gita Emotions are reflective of a societys weakness and strengths and can be disruptive and interfering when displayed at a wrong time. However, when expressed constructively it can play a role in organisational effectiveness. The ancient sacred teachings of the Bhagvad Gita can enlighten an employee to identify, interpret and apply emotions in their personal and professional life. Hinduism advocates that a man should first seek wisdom and thereafter pursue material ambition. In order to achieve self-realisation, one must have perfect emotional self-control. The Indian scriptures state that our senses are like wild horses, the body its chariot and the mind its reins. Intellect is the driver. The Atman is the Lord of the chariot. If the senses are not kept under proper control, they will throw this chariot into a deep abyss. He/she who keeps the reins firm and drives this chariot intelligently by controlling the horses (senses) will reach the destination (Moksha or the Abode of Eternal Bliss) safely. The Gita states that renunciation should be a goal of an individual, but renunciation does not imply on shrugging off any duties to society. It further states that work that gives peace and joy is right and which brings depression and restlessness in wrong. An individual with high emotional intelligence can judge right from wrong. Present day life makes it convenient for people to suppress and avoid emotions but it is important to connect with these emotions, but if emotions are strangers to people, they will not enjoy a rich and satisfying life. Connecting to emotions brings a state wholeness to mind and body and this state is known as emotionally competent. In order to achieve harmony at a workplace and elsewhere, the Bhagvad Gita identifies the following areas on: how to succeed how to resolve conflicts jealousy- its origin and fallout standing for righteousness (dharma) believing in the path of action (karma) tackling emotional upsets effectively How to succeed: The concept of emotional intelligence and its role in success has been explained in the Gita. It states that there are two paths to success in life- knowledge and desire. Knowledge is the rational mind while desire is the emotional mind. Knowledge helps distinguish between fact and fantasy. Desire is the cause of bondage and the mind must control the desire for objects of pleasure under control. The rational mind faces the object and this is known as the objective mind (Manas in Sanskrit). Modern day psychologists term it as IQ. Desire on the other hand is an emotional response to the immediate environment and drives a person to satisfy the desire. With desire comes attachment, with which comes passion, with which comes desire again. When desire is not fulfilled, it induces anger. Anger causes loss of memory and loss of memory, which causes loss of wisdom n brings ruin. Therefore, one must not desire for world pleasures and suppress their desires. The inner mind is called the subject ive mind (Buddhi in Sanskrit) and modern day termed as EQ. In fact, it hints that IQ superior than EQ, contrary to modern philosophy. However, this may be interpreted by saying that certain emotions lead us to depression, anger, jealousy and the wrong path, which should be suppressed, while contrasting emotions lead us to harmony and self-esteem and should be encouraged. Emotions therefore need to be harnessed and directed so that the mind and therefore the individual finds peace. In such an individual, the objective (IQ) and the subjective mind (EQ) are in unison and the mind is disciplined. Nevertheless, recent research shows that EQ plays a more dominant role in attaining success than IQ. The Gita also defines emotions based on the concept of the 3 moods (Gunas), which are Unactivity (Sattwa- perfect purity), Activity (Rajas- dusky colour) and Inactivity (Tamas- foul darkness). The mind is in Sattwa, it is purified from all Rajas and Tamas and the individual experiences inner peace and happiness. These moods are in different proportions in individuals and reflect different personalities. For e.g. an employee with heavy Tamas (low EI) will be detrimental for the organisation and therefore should learn to be emotional sensitive in recognising the ongoing environment, which will help discard wrong impulses and attain righteous behaviour. How to resolve conflict: The background of the Bhagvad Gita is flooded with conflict. Arjuna has to fight his kinsmen for justice. This brings a feeling of grave depression, dejection and fear to Arjuna and he begins to tremble with anxiety. In such an emotionally charged setting, his emotions and his concepts of duty confuse him and he decides to quit. He turns to Lord Krishna who tells him that disgrace would fall upon him if he ran away from the battlefield. Krishna motivates Arjuna to get up and fight and made him realise his inner strengths and competences so that he could walk the righteous path. Arjuna then acted emotionally intelligent by fighting the war inspite of his emotional bonding with his enemies. He was firm with conviction and displayed emotional maturity. He proved that being emotional does not indicate weakness. In the same way, employees can re-energise themselves when they are de-motivated because of conflict. The Gita epitomises the mental conflicts and dilemmas of individuals with a p urpose and their resolution that leads to affirmative action. Everyday, employees of an organisation face emotional and mental conflict in their workplace. The Gita offers a message for practical living one of philosophical sublimation and mental transcendence. Jealousy- Its origin and fallout: Jealousy is an omnipresent emotion that condemns rationality and encourages feeling of aggression, dejection and inferiority. Negative emotions like jealousy also help re-energises a de-motivated mind. The Mahabharata has an array of instances of jealousy. Dronacharya favoured Arjuna over the other Pandavas and Kauravas because of his perseverance and skill at archery. This made Duryodhana jealous and ill feelings for the Pandavas grew in his heart. Duryodhana fell victim to this jealousy and laid out evil plots for the Pandavas which eventually led to the Mahabharat. The story highlights that emotions jealous brings about emotions like hate, revenge, fear, anger, apprehension, shock, depression on one hand and dedication, concentration and motivation on the other. Jealous brings about feelings of inferiority and ego in employees and if not handled in time, may manifest into aggression, hate and revenge. Secret hatred turns into bitterness, says the Gita. Jealousy develops when individuals feel they are criticised unfairly. Emotional competence negates the impact of jealousy, emotional maturity does not allow negativity to develop and emotional sensitivity helps understand the threshold of the emotion and appropriate response to it. Nonetheless, jealousy can be harness to facilitate healthy competition and personal growth. Employees must practice to create positive relations with each other. This will also help become ethical. Peacefulness and selflessness build a mature and tranquil personality. Stand for righteousness (Dharma): Dharma is a system of morality, duty, charity, etc. Human beings are expected to follow Dharma till their last breath. The infamous game of dice in the Mahabharata, where the Kauravas disrobed and insulted Draupadi in front of a full assembly, after she was lost to them in a game of dice, tells us a tale on Dharma. It is observed that powerful characters of the Mahabharata- Bhishma, Dhornacharya and Vidura failed to protect their Dharma in the event of adversity. They stayed silent as the Kauravas committed atrocities on Draupadi. The argument of Bhishma being bound to the throne and Dhronacharya and Vidura duties toward King Dhritarashtra is weak. The ill treatment of Draupadi, is symbolic of the insecurities of women in todays society and the silence of Bhishma, Vidura and Dhronacharya shows the inability of individuals to manage their emotions and stand up for righteousness. In todays world, it is not common to see straightforward employees keep silent about irregularities and misconduct in a business. They succumb to such situations and fail to stand up for a righteous cause. By following the righteous path, one will display emotional sensitivity toward social evils and emotional maturity in standing up to them. This would be an emotionally intelligent response. Believing in the path of action (Karma): Karma is the belief in which, a persons fate is determined according to his deeds. Karma states that as you sow, so do you reap. The Bhagvad Gita preaches Karma Yoga (duties towards nations, organizations, family, etc). Karma in modern management can be interpreted as doing the right thing at the right time. Lord Krishna tells Arjuna, , Your only duty is to act (right to work) and not to hanker after the fruits (or the results) thereof. Neither the purpose of your actions nor the work should bind and blind you. To work is to worship with total non-attachment and selfless attitude. Krishna also tells him, Action is better than inaction. Without action, no one can survive. Respond in such a way that it does not bind but frees one from ignorance. Do all work as worship to God. Do everything to the best of your ability; suited to your ongoing environment. An emotional intelligent employee would interpret his emotions and follow the path of action. Excessive emotions like lust, greed and jealousy are bad karma. A manager who learns appropriate emotions is emotionally intelligent. Every action produces an emotional effect. Emotion is a motivating factor. Karma affects individuals and their external environment. An employee with good karma increases productivity at workplace and satisfaction of personal life. Being habituated to good karma an individual will strengthen the ability too cope with a situation. To be emotionally competent one must follow the path that is emotionally, spiritually and practically beneficial to humanity. Tackling emotional upsets effectively: Emotional upheaval affects productivity, effectiveness and self-image in both personal and professional life. When in exile, Draupadi is upset about the misconduct inflicted on her by the Kauravas and opens her heart to Lord Krishna. In response, she is told to be patient, optimistic and focused towards her aim, in order to enjoy the fruits in the future. It is important for employees to delay instant gratification of reacting to situations and respond when the environment is favourable. The Gita also sermonizes on dealing with stress. Stress is the cause of built up emotions and the apparent inability to meet challenges. The Bhagvad Gita says that stress is born when goals are made without keeping in mind capability and capacity, thinking that one is solely responsible for achieving the goal and by perceiving that without the result life would not be worth living. It says that great intelligence is needed to achieve a goal. Knowing ones inner-self will help eliminate selfish and egocentric existence and respond appropriate to situations. Pent up emotions must be expressed in a healthy environment. It is very important to express emotions. Good and bad experiences are important in order to understand life. With contrasting emotions like joy and sorrow, revenge and forgiveness, friendship and enmity one needs to strike a balance in expressing them. By learning to do so, the Gita indirectly directs individuals to be emotional intelligent. Emotions can be so overwhelming that it may take over human cognition and incognition. This is detrimental. The Bhagvad Gita thus guides employees to manage these emotions. If only we would confess Our Sins, Our Fears, Our Disagreements, Our Delusions, Our Weaknesses, etc., we could be cleansed from all unrighteousness. Such a situation maybe described as being emotionally intelligent in modern times. Emotional Intelligence Test There are various test to measure emotional intelligence. Given below are a few that are more popularly used: EI Measure Type Theoretical Framework EI Dimensions and Scale Mayer-Salovey- Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) Self-report questionnaire referenced against expert and consensus opinion Salovey Mayer (1990, 1997) Perception, appraisal, and expression of emotion Emotional facilitation of thinking Understanding and analysing emotional information Regulation and management of emotion Emotional Competence Inventory, Version 2 (ECI-2) Self-report questionnaire Goleman, (1995, 1998) Boyatzis, Goleman, Rhee (1999) Self-awareness Self-management Social awareness Social skills Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) Self-report questionnaire Bar-On (1997) Intrapersonal Interpersonal Adaptation Stress management General mood Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (EIQ) Self-report questionnaire Dulewicz Higgs (1999, 2000) Self-awareness Emotional resilience Motivation Interpersonal sensitivity Influence Intuitiveness Conscientiousness Figure 4: Measures of Emotional Intelligence and Characteristics (McEnrue Groves, 2006) Emotional Intelligence in an Organisation A study conducted by TalentSmart in 2009, shows the link between emotional intelligence and job performance. The studied showed that: Emotional Intelligence alone explains 58% of a leaders job performance. 90% of top performers are high in emotional intelligence. Just 20% of low performers are high in emotional intelligence Various other studies highlight the importance of emotional intelligence in an organisation. Employees who have higher levels of emotional intelligence are associated with better performance. Research conducted by the Centre for Creative Leadership shows that emotionally intelligent employees have the following traits: Participative Management: It is important to build relationship skills in organizations and encourage value interdependency within and between groups. Participative management has the largest number of meaningful correlations with measures of emotional intelligence. Employees who are good listeners and consult others for their input before implementing change are likely to be assessed as good co-operators. They are able to find pleasure in life, able to foster relationships, control impulses, and understand their own emotions and the emotions of others. Putting People at Ease: Emotionally intelligent employees make others relaxed and comfortable in their presence. Putting people at ease is related to impulse control, which is the ability to delay gratification. Being able to behaviourally put people at ease has to do with controlling ones own impulses and emotions. Putting people at ease is related to happiness, suggesting that an individuals temperament is related to how comfortable people are around them. Self-Awareness: Emotionally intelligent employees have an accurate understanding of their strengths and weaknesses are thus are self-aware individuals. Self-awareness is related to impulse control and stress tolerance. An emotional outburst is not a characteristic of self-awareness. Others may draw conclusions about self-awareness from how one deals with difficult and challenging situations. Anxiousness interprets lack in self-awareness. Balance between Personal Life and Work: Emotionally intelligent employees know how to prioritise activities in their personal and professional life such that neither is neglected. Such employees reflect social responsibility, impulse control, and empathy. They give the impression that they are balanced, able to contribute to a group, control their impulses, and understand the emotions of others. Straightforwardness and Composure: Emotionally intelligent